Thorne Thyroid Health Complex Review
We don’t sell supplements. We help you make decisions and get the best price.
Lowest prices
We may earn a commission from some store links. How we choose.
Finding the lowest prices at the stores now. This takes a few seconds.
Products with nearly the same formula (Matched on the main ingredients)
Study, Trial or Testing Result Summary
Members Only204 human studies · 60 improved
3 of these 204 human studies gave the ingredient by drip or injection, not by mouth.
Selenium is given at a full studied dose. In people with Hashimoto thyroiditis, pooled trials found it lowered thyroid antibodies and thyroid stimulating hormone [1][2]. In a mildly underactive thyroid, it restored normal function in 31 percent versus 3 percent of controls [3]. One review judged the evidence too weak for routine use [4]. Iodine is at a full dose. It helps mainly people who lack it, for example by shrinking iodine deficiency goitre [5]. Too much can harm the thyroid [6]. Vitamin C is near the studied dose. It lowered thyroid stimulating hormone in small studies of people on meds [7][8], but a larger placebo-controlled trial found no effect [9]. Ashwagandha, at 180 milligrams a day, is well below the 600 milligrams that helped in one trial of mildly underactive thyroid [10]. Pooled trials found little change in thyroid hormones [11]. Zinc is below the studied 30 milligrams. Pooled trials found it raised the active thyroid hormone, with low certainty [12]. Copper is also below the studied dose, and there is no good evidence that it helps [13]. Vitamin E alone did not change thyroid function [14]. Tyrosine evidence is very thin [15]. Vitamin B12 has not been shown to help [16]. Animal and cell studies are never counted.
See all 204 studies →Hide the studies
- Across 64 studies of 28,597 people, those with an underactive thyroid had lower vitamin B12 levels than healthy people, but no difference was seen for overactive thyroid, autoimmune thyroid disease or mild underactive thyroid; this did not test supplements.Vitamin B12 levels in thyroid disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
- A pooled analysis of 114 observational studies found lower zinc in thyroid cancer tissue, but it did not test zinc supplements and is about cancer rather than thyroid health.Serum and tissue zinc in epithelial malignancies: a meta-analysis.
- In a pooled analysis of 35 trials with 3,508 people with underactive thyroid, adding zinc to a med raised free triiodothyronine (low certainty), and zinc with magnesium and vitamin A raised free thyroxine (high certainty).Additional treatment strategies for hypothyroidism: a network meta-analysis.
- Pooling randomized trials in people with Hashimoto thyroiditis, selenium lowered thyroid-stimulating hormone (in those not on thyroid hormone replacement), thyroid antibodies and an oxidative stress marker, with no more side effects than control.Selenium Supplementation in Patients with Hashimoto Thyroiditis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Cli…
- In 10 case-control studies with 2205 people, those with thyroid cancer had lower blood selenium than healthy people, but this does not test whether taking selenium helps.Relationship between Serum Levels of Selenium and Thyroid Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
- Across 23 placebo-controlled trials with 1706 adults, ashwagandha did not change thyroid stimulating hormone or T3 but modestly raised T4 levels.Hormonal Modulation with Withania somnifera: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized-controlled Trials.
- Across 21 randomized trials in 1610 people with Hashimoto thyroiditis, selenium lowered thyroid antibodies at 3 and 6 months and thyroid-stimulating hormone at 6 months, with selenomethionine working better than sodium selenite or selenium yeast.Clinical efficacy of selenium supplementation in patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis: A systematic review and meta-analy…
- Across eight studies of 1291 people, those with thyroid cancer had higher blood copper levels than healthy people, but no copper was given, so this shows an association only.The Association Between Serum Levels of Selenium, Copper, and Magnesium with Thyroid Cancer: a Meta-analysis.
- Across 32 observational studies, blood copper levels did not differ between people with underactive thyroid and healthy people, and no copper was given.Trace Element Status and Hypothyroidism: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
- In 11 studies of children given radioactive treatment for neuroblastoma, about 41% still had raised thyroid-stimulating hormone despite iodine blockade, which worked better when given longer and combined with other drugs than potassium iodide alone.Incidence of subclinical and overt hypothyroidism in children treated with [131I]mIBG: a systematic review and meta-anal…
- In 31 mostly cross-sectional studies, low iodine intake raised the odds of thyroid nodules by about 24%, while higher or excessive intake showed no consistent effect.The myth of iodine: A systematic review and meta-analysis on the relationship between iodine and thyroid nodule.
- In 23 trials in adults with autoimmune thyroiditis, selenium lowered thyroid antibodies and thyroid echogenicity but did not change thyroid-stimulating hormone and carried a higher risk of side effects, so the authors judged the evidence insufficient to justify its use.Insufficient evidence to support the clinical efficacy of selenium supplementation for patients with chronic autoimmune …
- In four randomized trials of people with Graves' orbitopathy (thyroid eye disease), selenium beat placebo at 6 and 12 months for eye disease activity and quality of life, with no difference in adverse effects.The efficacy and safety of selenium supplementation versus placebo in the treatment of Graves' orbitopathy: A systematic…
- In a pooled analysis of 10 trials in people with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and normal thyroid function, selenium lowered thyroid antibody levels more than placebo, over treatment of about 6 months.Effects of different supplements on Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.
- A pooled analysis of 10 observational studies found blood zinc was not significantly lower in people with thyroid cancer than in healthy controls.Zinc Status and Occurrence of Thyroid Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
- Across three trials of 1551 pregnant women in iodine-deficient areas, iodine supplements cut childhood cretinism by about 73% and infant deaths by about 29%, with no apparent harm.Maternal iodine supplements in areas of deficiency.
- This withdrawn review of three trials in 1551 pregnant women found iodine supplements reduced childhood cretinism and infant deaths with no apparent harm.WITHDRAWN: Maternal iodine supplements in areas of deficiency.
- In four trials with 463 people with Hashimoto thyroiditis (average 7.5 months), 200 mcg selenomethionine lowered thyroid antibodies versus placebo in several trials, but the trials were at unclear to high risk of bias so evidence was judged incomplete.Selenium supplementation for Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
- In a review of 4 trials of herbs for underactive thyroid, the one ashwagandha trial showed raised T3 and T4 and lower thyroid stimulating hormone versus placebo at 4 and 8 weeks.Achievements in Hypothyroidism Treatment with Herbal Medicine: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.
- A review of 30 human studies reported reasonable benefit of ashwagandha root in subclinical underactive thyroid (1 study) and some studies noted raised T4 levels.Safety and clinical effectiveness of Withania Somnifera (Linn.) Dunal root in human ailments.
- A safety review of ashwagandha found human clinical studies showed no adverse effects on thyroid function or hormonal balance.A Systematic and Ethnobotanical Review of Ashwagandha's ( Withania Somnifera ) Teratogenic and Abortifacient Potentials.
- In severely burned patients, intravenous trace element supplements including up to 4 mg of copper a day for 3 weeks were reported to be safe, improve recovery and normalize thyroid function, but copper was given with selenium and zinc and the abstract gives no patient numbers.Trace element requirements in critically ill burned patients.
- This review of trace elements and thyroid disease found few studies of supplements, and reported benefits only for zinc and selenium, with none described for copper.The Role of Selected Trace Elements in Oxidoreductive Homeostasis in Patients with Thyroid Diseases.
- Across 27 randomized trials of iodine used on wounds, thyroid problems were not more frequent with iodine than with other treatments.Benefit and harm of iodine in wound care: a systematic review.
- A review of iodine status in Eastern Mediterranean countries found iodine deficiency is controlled in some countries with salt iodization but remains a serious problem in others.Iodine deficiency status in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: a systematic review.
- In a review of 57 studies, observational data linked selenium, zinc and iron to iodine status, but randomized trials did not confirm this link.Micronutrients, iodine status and concentrations of thyroid hormones: a systematic review.
- In five cross-sectional studies, some found lower selenium in people with thyroid cancer and others found no difference, so the evidence is inconclusive and no selenium was given.Selenium and thyroid cancer: a systematic review.
- A review of 13 trials in people with overweight or obesity found mixed results for selenium on body composition and thyroid function, and no safe conclusion could be drawn.The Effects of Zinc and Selenium Supplementation on Body Composition and Thyroid Function in Individuals with Overweight…
- An overview of 6 systematic reviews covering 75 trials found selenium may lower thyroid antibodies at 3 and 6 months in autoimmune thyroiditis, but the certainty of evidence was low to very low.The Effects of Selenium Supplementation in the Treatment of Autoimmune Thyroiditis: An Overview of Systematic Reviews.
- A review of 51 studies on obesity before and during early pregnancy linked higher body weight to differences in thyroid hormones and vitamin B12, but it did not test vitamin B12 supplements for thyroid health.Periconceptional biomarkers for maternal obesity: a systematic review.
- A review of 11 studies found results on zinc and other supplements and thyroid cancer risk were inconsistent and inconclusive.Vitamin and mineral supplements and thyroid cancer: a systematic review.
- A review of eight zinc supplementation studies and ten blood zinc studies found the evidence on whether zinc changes thyroid hormone levels inconclusive because results differed and came only from people with illness.Relation Between Zinc and Thyroid Hormones in Humans: a Systematic Review.
- In pregnant women with thyroid antibodies, 200 mcg of selenomethionine daily during pregnancy and after birth reduced the rate of postpartum thyroid dysfunction (28.6% vs 48.6% with placebo) and permanent hypothyroidism.The influence of selenium supplementation on postpartum thyroid status in pregnant women with thyroid peroxidase autoant…
- In 491 older Danes followed for five years, selenium yeast at 100 to 300 mcg daily slightly lowered TSH and free T4 versus placebo, with no effect on free T3, and the authors do not recommend it for marginal deficiency.Does selenium supplementation affect thyroid function? Results from a randomized, controlled, double-blinded trial in a …
- In 430 people with newly diagnosed Graves' hyperthyroidism, 200 mcg of selenium daily for 24 to 30 months alongside standard drugs did not increase remission or improve quality of life compared with placebo.Selenium supplementation in individuals with newly diagnosed Graves' hyperthyroidism: a double-blind, multi-centre RCT.
- In 368 healthy older UK adults, taking high-selenium yeast for 6 months raised blood selenium but did not change thyroid hormone levels compared with placebo.Randomized controlled trial of the effect of selenium supplementation on thyroid function in the elderly in the United K…
- In 324 Tibetan children with Kashin-Beck disease, selenium supplementation for 12 months did not change joint symptoms, growth or thyroid function compared with placebo once iodine deficiency was corrected.Selenium and iodine supplementation of rural Tibetan children affected by Kashin-Beck osteoarthropathy.
- In 307 thyroid cancer patients given radioactive iodine, those prepared with recombinant thyrotropin had success rates of 43.8% versus 47.1% with hormone withdrawal, meeting the noninferiority standard with fewer side effects.Recombinant Human Thyrotropin Plus Radioactive Iodine Among Patients With Thyroid Cancer: A Noninferiority Randomized Cl…
- In 230 pregnant women in the UK with mild iodine deficiency, 60 mcg of selenium daily until delivery did not lower thyroid antibodies more than placebo, though it tended to change thyroid function in women who had thyroid antibodies.Effect of low-dose selenium on thyroid autoimmunity and thyroid function in UK pregnant women with mild-to-moderate iodi…
- In 196 people with autoimmune thyroiditis and mild underactive thyroid, 83 mcg of selenomethionine daily for four months restored normal thyroid function in 31% of those taking it, compared with 3% of controls.Selenium supplementation could restore euthyroidism in subclinical hypothyroid patients with autoimmune thyroiditis.
- In 170 women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, a 6-month course of selenomethionine reduced immune cell release of inflammatory cytokines and lowered C-reactive protein compared with placebo, with the strongest effect when combined with a med.Read the study on PubMed (21508145) →
- In 168 people with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and mildly raised thyroid-stimulating hormone, adding myo-inositol to selenium for six months lowered thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid antibodies and raised free thyroxine more than selenium alone.Myo-inositol plus selenium supplementation restores euthyroid state in Hashimoto's patients with subclinical hypothyroid…
- In 166 people with iodine-deficiency goitre, 400 mcg iodine daily for 8 months shrank the thyroid by about 37%, similar to a med, and the shrinkage was sustained 4 months after stopping (-32.5%).Read the study on PubMed (2515973) →
- In 147 people with Graves' disease given radioactive iodine, 94% of those dosed by the target thyroid mass method were cured at one year, similar to 97% with a fixed high dose that needed more radioactivity.Personalization of radioiodine treatment for Graves' disease: a prospective, randomized study with a novel method for ca…
- In 135 menopausal women over 8 weeks, ashwagandha plus Shatavari was safe and normal hormone levels were maintained, with thyroid function checked for safety.Efficacy and safety of Shatavari root extract (Asparagus racemosus) for menopausal symptoms: a randomized, double-blind,…
- In 134 adults with autoimmune thyroiditis, 200 mcg of selenium yeast daily for 6 months lowered thyroid antibody levels, and antibodies fell in 52 of the 77 people who took it.[Effects of selenium supplementation on antibodies of autoimmune thyroiditis].
- In 102 adults with autoimmune thyroiditis, 200 mcg of selenium daily for 3 months lowered thyroid antibodies within the group, but the change was no greater than placebo or vitamin C.Effects of selenium and vitamin C on the serum level of antithyroid peroxidase antibody in patients with autoimmune thyr…
- In 100 adults taking 600 mg daily for 24 weeks, ashwagandha reduced weight and stress and was safe, with thyroid function tests measured for safety but no thyroid result stated.Efficacy and safety of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root extract on stress and weight management in adults: a prospe…
- In 100 older New Zealanders aged 60 to 80, 100 mcg of selenium daily for 3 months raised selenium and antioxidant enzyme levels but did not change thyroid hormone levels compared with placebo.Selenium and iodine supplementation: effect on thyroid function of older New Zealanders.
- In 90 people with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 6 months of selenious yeast tablets lowered thyroid antibodies and TSH compared with no treatment; the dose was not stated in the abstract.Effect of selenium on thyroid autoimmunity and regulatory T cells in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: A prospectiv…
- In 89 people with thyroid cancer given radioactive iodine treatment, those taking vitamin E showed better left parotid gland excretion function a month later, though other salivary gland measures were unchanged or worse and the dose was not stated.Effect of vitamin E and supragingival scaling on salivary gland function in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer …
- In 88 women with autoimmune thyroiditis, 200 micrograms of selenium daily for 3 months cut thyroid antibody levels by about 26 percent, while placebo caused no change; lower doses of 100 micrograms gave weaker results.Selenium treatment in autoimmune thyroiditis: 9-month follow-up with variable doses.
- In 88 healthy adults over 65, 4 months of vitamin E at 60, 200 or 800 IU a day did not change thyroid hormones or thyroid antibodies compared with placebo.Assessment of the safety of supplementation with different amounts of vitamin E in healthy older adults.
- In 86 adults with underactive thyroid, 10 weeks of zinc combined with magnesium and vitamin A raised free thyroxine and lowered an inflammation marker (hs-CRP), while thyroid-stimulating hormone did not change significantly.Randomized Study of the Effects of Zinc, Vitamin A, and Magnesium Co-supplementation on Thyroid Function, Oxidative Stre…
- In 82 people with thyroid cancer given radioactive iodine, vitamin E at 100 to 300 mg a day from 1 week before to 4 weeks after treatment protected the salivary glands better than no vitamin E; thyroid function itself was not measured.Radioprotective effect of vitamin E on salivary glands after radioiodine therapy for differentiated thyroid cancer: a ra…
- In 80 healthy adults taking 600 mg daily for 8 weeks, ashwagandha caused no significant change in thyroid hormone levels and was safe.Safety of Ashwagandha Root Extract: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, study in Healthy Volunteers.
- In 80 postmenopausal women with or without type 2 diabetes, 6 weeks of hormone therapy with vitamin C and E did not significantly change free thyroxine or triiodothyronine levels.Effects of hormone replacement therapy with vitamin C and E supplementation on plasma thyroid hormone levels in postmeno…
- In 77 adults with high cholesterol taking Brazil nut flour providing about 227 mcg of selenium daily for 90 days, total cholesterol fell, but this was not different from the placebo group, and thyroid health was not measured as an improvement.Intake of partially defatted Brazil nut flour reduces serum cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic patients--a randomized c…
- In 71 children and adolescents with autoimmune thyroiditis, 200 mcg of selenium daily for 6 months lowered one thyroid antibody more than placebo, but the other antibody did not differ significantly.l-selenomethionine supplementation in children and adolescents with autoimmune thyroiditis: A randomized double-blind pl…
- In 70 adults with autoimmune thyroiditis, 200 mcg of selenium daily for 3 months lowered thyroid antibody levels compared with placebo, while thyroid hormone levels did not change.Selenium supplementation in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis decreases thyroid peroxidase antibodies concentrations.
- In 70 people with untreated Graves' hyperthyroidism, 300 mcg of selenite daily for 24 weeks added to methimazole did not change response or relapse rates compared with placebo.Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Trial of Selenium in Graves Hyperthyroidism.
- In 69 thyroid cancer patients given radioactive iodine, vitamin E with vitamin C improved the function of one parotid salivary gland, with no placebo group and no thyroid outcomes; selenium groups showed more gland improvements.Effects of postoperative antioxidants on the salivary glands in patients with thyroid cancer undergoing radioactive iodi…
- In 68 people on hemodialysis, 200 mcg of selenium daily for 12 weeks lowered reverse T3 compared with placebo, but did not change free T3, free T4 or TSH.Effects of Selenium and/or N-Acetyl-Cysteine Supplementation on Nonthyroidal Illness Syndrome in Hemodialysis Patients: …
- In 68 overweight or obese women with underactive thyroid, 12 weeks of zinc alone or with selenium raised some thyroid hormones (free T3, and free T4 with lower TSH when combined with selenium), but there were no significant differences between groups for most measures.Effects of Zinc and Selenium Supplementation on Thyroid Function in Overweight and Obese Hypothyroid Female Patients: A …
- In 62 very low birth weight infants, adding trace elements to fortified human milk raised zinc intake, but zinc deficiency was rare and the abstract reports no thyroid result.Nutrition of very low birth weight infants fed human milk with or without supplemental trace elements: a randomized cont…
- In 61 euthyroid women with thyroid antibodies, 200 mcg of selenite daily for 6 months raised selenium levels but did not change antibody levels, thyroid-stimulating hormone or quality of life compared with placebo.Selenite supplementation in euthyroid subjects with thyroid peroxidase antibodies.
- In 60 people with overt Graves disease, adding a combined L-carnitine and selenium supplement to methimazole brought antibody levels to normal sooner and lowered methimazole needs, but thyroid hormone levels did not differ from methimazole alone.Adding L-Carnitine and Selenium to Methimazole in Graves' Disease: A Prospective Randomized Trial on Thyroid Markers and…
- In 60 newborns, clamping the cord at 60 seconds instead of within 10 seconds was linked to fewer low thyroid hormone values and fewer low vitamin B12 values; vitamin B12 was not given as a supplement.Effect of cord clamping time on neonatal vitamin B12, folate and urinary iodine concentration.
- In 55 people with high thyroid-stimulating hormone after thyroid surgery, 1 mg iodine daily for 20 weeks delayed recovery: all iodine-treated bilateral surgery patients were hypothyroid at 6 months versus 38% of placebo patients.Iodine therapy for thyroidectomy patients exhibiting high thyroid-stimulating hormone values: a randomised study.
- In 55 adults with thyroid autoimmunity, 200 mcg of selenomethionine daily for 6 months lowered thyroid antibody levels, while placebo did not.A randomized-controlled, double-blind study of the impact of selenium supplementation on thyroid autoimmunity and inflam…
- In 50 adults with mildly underactive thyroid taking 600 mg daily for 8 weeks, ashwagandha improved thyroid stimulating hormone, T3 and T4 levels significantly compared with placebo.Efficacy and Safety of Ashwagandha Root Extract in Subclinical Hypothyroid Patients: A Double-Blind, Randomized Placebo-…
- In 49 children with autoimmune thyroiditis, 12 months of sodium selenite at 100 or 200 mcg daily, added to a med, did not lower thyroid peroxidase antibodies.Selenium supplementation does not decrease thyroid peroxidase antibody concentration in children and adolescents with au…
- In 49 women with iron deficiency, 60 days of a multi-nutrient supplement containing vitamin E improved blood iron and ferritin; thyroid hormones were measured but no thyroid effect was reported.[Effect of treatment with a food supplement (containing: selected sea fish cartilage, vitamin C, vitamin E, folic acid, …
- In 47 adults with autoimmune thyroiditis, 200 mcg of selenium daily lowered thyroid antibodies over 3 months, and antibodies rose again when selenium was stopped in the follow-up phase.Selenium in the treatment of autoimmune thyroiditis.
- In 45 women with thyroiditis in pregnancy, 83 mcg of selenium daily lowered thyroid autoantibodies compared with placebo, with antibodies rebounding in the placebo group after delivery.Selenium supplementation in the management of thyroid autoimmunity during pregnancy: results of the "SERENA study", a ra…
- In a small pilot study, 150 micrograms per day of iodine during pregnancy did not change the two-year neurodevelopment scores of 44 children compared with controls, and higher PCB 118 exposure may have offset any benefit.Neurotoxicant exposure during pregnancy is a confounder for assessment of iodine supplementation on neurodevelopment out…
- In 42 people with newly diagnosed Graves' hyperthyroidism, adding selenium and vitamin D to methimazole for 180 days lowered thyroid hormone levels faster and improved quality of life more than methimazole alone.Add-On Effect of Selenium and Vitamin D Combined Supplementation in Early Control of Graves' Disease Hyperthyroidism Dur…
- In 41 critically ill sepsis patients, selenium given for 2 weeks improved outcomes and restored selenium levels, but did not directly change free or total thyroid hormone levels compared with placebo.Selenium substitution has no direct effect on thyroid hormone metabolism in critically ill patients.
- In 40 healthy adults aged 50-70, taking 400 mg of ashwagandha root extract daily for 180 days caused no adverse changes in thyroid hormone levels, and the extract was well tolerated.Safety and Tolerability of Withania somnifera Root Extract in Healthy Male Participants: A Pilot Randomized, Double-Blin…
- In 40 critically ill septic patients, high-dose selenium for 3 days raised blood selenium and antioxidant enzyme levels but did not reduce oxidative damage, and thyroid test results were not reported as improved.Effect of selenium supplementation on biochemical markers and outcome in critically ill patients.
- In 40 people with Graves' disease and mild active eye involvement, a Mediterranean diet providing about 178 mcg of selenium daily for 24 weeks improved eye symptom scores compared with a free diet, but thyroid function did not differ between groups.Mediterranean diet, selenium and Graves' ophthalmopathy: a prospective, randomized, single-center study.
- In 40 adults with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 200 mcg of selenium from enriched yeast for 60 days significantly lowered a blood marker of oxidative stress, but thyroid antibody and hormone levels did not change significantly compared with placebo.Effect of Selenomethionine- Enriched Yeast on Hypothyroidism Patients.
- In 40 adults given one to three packets daily of a multi-ingredient hydration drink containing vitamin B12 for 4 weeks, there were no meaningful adverse changes in thyroid tests compared with placebo.Randomized Trial to Assess the Safety and Tolerability of Daily Intake of an Allulose Amino Acid-Based Hydration Beverag…
- In 40 children with autoimmune thyroid disease, 12 weeks of 25 mg daily elemental zinc did not change thyroid antibodies, thyroid tests or oxidative stress, but children given zinc needed no increase in a med dose, while the standard-therapy group did.Effect of daily zinc supplementation for 12 weeks on serum thyroid auto-antibody levels in children and adolescents with…
- In 37 infants having heart surgery, a skin antiseptic containing iodine (povidone-iodine) given before surgery did not clearly lower thyroid hormones afterward; the heart bypass itself had the larger effect on thyroid hormones.Thyroid function in infants following cardiac surgery: comparative effects of iodinated and noniodinated topical antisep…
- In 36 people with Graves' disease, radioactive iodine treatment was followed by rising thyroid antibody levels and myxoedema in 5 of 16 treated people, while propylthiouracil had milder effects.Thyroid stimulating antibodies, thyroglobulin antibodies and serum proteins during treatment of Graves' disease with rad…
- In 36 people with autoimmune thyroiditis, 200 mcg of sodium selenite daily for 3 months did not lower thyroid antibodies or change immune cytokine patterns compared with placebo.No immunological benefit of selenium in consecutive patients with autoimmune thyroiditis.
- In a placebo-controlled trial of 36 elderly nursing home residents, selenium raised selenium levels and lowered thyroxine, while placebo changed nothing.Low selenium status in the elderly influences thyroid hormones.
- In 36 thyroid cancer patients given radioactive iodine, 800 IU a day of vitamin E from 1 week before to 4 weeks after treatment helped protect salivary gland function compared with placebo; thyroid function itself was not measured.Does vitamin E protect salivary glands from I-131 radiation damage in patients with thyroid cancer?
- In 32 healthy older adults, 800 mg a day of vitamin E for 30 days did not change thyroid hormone levels compared with placebo.Assessment of the safety of high-dose, short-term supplementation with vitamin E in healthy older adults.
- In 31 severely injured patients, adding 150 mg of vitamin E and zinc to 500 mcg of selenium for 5 days gave no extra change in thyroid hormones beyond selenium alone.Influence of selenium supplements on the post-traumatic alterations of the thyroid axis: a placebo-controlled trial.
- In 30 people with mild Graves' orbitopathy, 100 mcg selenium taken twice daily for 6 months reduced eye disease activity compared with placebo.Oral selenium improved the disease activity in patients with mild Graves' orbitopathy.
- In 28 overweight adults on a calorie-restricted diet, 8 weeks of 200 mcg selenium plus zinc daily did not change thyroid function compared with placebo.The Effects of Zinc and Selenium Co-Supplementation on Resting Metabolic Rate, Thyroid Function, Physical Fitness, and F…
- In 25 people with inactive moderate to severe Graves' eye disease, 200 micrograms of selenium daily for six months widened the eyelid opening more than placebo, with no significant change in eye movement or quality of life.Selenium supplementation in inactive moderate to severe Graves' orbitopathy patients: a randomized controlled trial.
- In 18 healthy adults, iodine from the seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa was absorbed better than from Laminaria hyperborea, with absorption of 85% to 101% versus 61.5% to 90%.Bioavailability of seaweed iodine in human beings.
- In 12 underactive thyroid patients needing high-dose a med, 1 g vitamin C daily for 16 weeks improved symptom scores and lowered thyroid stimulating hormone more than placebo after adjustment, but the very small size and baseline imbalances limit conclusions.Read the study on PubMed (41210509) →
- In a single-dose study of 12 healthy adults, a zinc-bound form of liothyronine (50 mcg) produced a lower but longer-lasting rise in blood T3 than standard liothyronine, with no tested health outcome.Extended Absorption of Liothyronine from Poly-Zinc-Liothyronine: Results from a Phase 1, Double-Blind, Randomized, and C…
- In 11 healthy men on a high-selenium diet of 297 mcg daily for about 17 weeks, blood thyroid hormone T3 fell and TSH rose compared with the low-selenium diet, along with lower sperm motility.Effects of dietary selenium on sperm motility in healthy men.
- In a small placebo-controlled study of 10 people with bipolar disorder over 8 weeks, the three people taking ashwagandha had thyroxine (T4) rises while most placebo users saw T4 fall, so the thyroid effect is unclear and needs more study.Subtle changes in thyroid indices during a placebo-controlled study of an extract of Withania somnifera in persons with …
- In eight healthy adults, single oral doses of L-tyrosine (50, 250 and 500 mg per kg of body weight) raised blood levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone compared with placebo, but this was a short-term hormone response, not a test of thyroid disease.Modulation of the actions of tyrosine by alpha 2-adrenoceptor blockade.
- In seven competitive cyclists, 22 mg of zinc daily for 30 days did not change thyroid hormone levels, although insulin rose later on.Plasma zinc, copper, and serum thyroid hormones and insulin levels after zinc supplementation followed by placebo in com…
- In men with type 2 diabetes on a 5-week high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet, thyroid hormones and vitamin B12 levels were unchanged; vitamin B12 was not given as a supplement.The metabolic response to a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
- In schoolchildren given a multi-nutrient fortified drink for 14 months, vitamin B12 status and thyroid-stimulating hormone differed significantly from placebo, though the effect on thyroid health is unclear because many nutrients were given together.Effect of micronutrient supplement on health and nutritional status of schoolchildren: biochemical status.
- In severely iodine-deficient Zaire villages, single doses of potassium iodide had small and inconsistent effects on thyroxine levels, while oral iodized oil worked about as well as injected oil eight months later.Iodine supplementation: comparison of oral or intramuscular iodized oil with oral potassium iodide. A controlled trial i…
- In 110 people with Down's syndrome given zinc for about a year, thyroxine was lower and thyroid-stimulating hormone higher than before treatment, so thyroid function did not improve.Thyroid function and plasma immunoglobulins in subjects with Down's syndrome (DS) during ontogenesis and zinc therapy.
- In 53 patients with mild underactive thyroid and 45 healthy people, vitamin C infused into the forearm artery normalized blood vessel dilation in patients but not in healthy people, suggesting oxidative stress from inflammation impairs vessel function; this was a short-term vessel test, not a supplement trial.Low-grade systemic inflammation causes endothelial dysfunction in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
- In 90 people with heart disease living at altitude, 6 months of sodium selenite with vitamin E raised blood selenium and lowered malondialdehyde, and 31 of 42 treated people (73.81%) returned to normal thyroid hormone levels; the dose was not stated.[Influence of oral sodium selenite and vitamin E on thyroid hormones in patients with cardiovascular disease at altitude…
- In 86 people with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 200 mcg selenomethionine daily for 3 or 6 months did not change anti-TPO antibodies but did lower anti-thyroglobulin antibodies.Selenomethionine treatment in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis: a prospective, quasi-randomised trial.
- In 40 people with underactive thyroid and 26 controls, homocysteine was higher in underactive thyroid and was predicted by thyroid-stimulating hormone independent of vitamin B12; vitamin B12 was not given as a treatment.Homocysteine, hypothyroidism, and effect of thyroid hormone replacement.
- In 55 people with non-toxic goitre, 5 days of furosemide 40 mg daily raised radioactive iodine uptake by about 58%, a larger increase than the 17% seen with a 14-day low-iodine diet.Read the study on PubMed (12845488) →
- In 52 adults with low blood selenium given 10 to 40 micrograms of selenium daily for 20 weeks, thyroxine levels fell in the supplemented groups, but the drop differed from placebo only in the 10-microgram group.An estimation of selenium requirements for New Zealanders.
- In 52 schoolchildren in an iodine and selenium deficient area of Zaire, 50 mcg of selenium daily for 2 months lowered blood T4, free T4 and reverse T3 without changing T3 or TSH, so the effect on thyroid function was mixed.Effect of selenium supplementation on thyroid hormone metabolism in an iodine and selenium deficient population.
- In children with Down syndrome, zinc sulfate supplements restored plasma zinc, TSH and reverse T3 levels that had been abnormal, though the study duration was not stated.Modulation of the neuroendocrine system and immune functions by zinc supplementation in children with Down's syndrome.
- In 47 women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and low vitamin D, those already taking 200 mcg daily of selenomethionine saw larger drops in thyroid antibodies when given vitamin D for 6 months than women not taking selenium, though thyroid hormone levels did not change.Selenomethionine potentiates the impact of vitamin D on thyroid autoimmunity in euthyroid women with Hashimoto's thyroid…
- In 46 people with Graves disease, Lugol's iodine taken before surgery lowered blood flow within the thyroid, though changes in blood flow did not always match what surgeons heard.[Ultrasonographic evaluation of thyroid tissue perfusion in patients with Graves-Basedow disease as preparation for surg…
- In 46 head and neck cancer patients, nutritional counseling during radiotherapy was not shown to prevent underactive thyroid, and baseline thyroid-stimulating hormone and ferritin were the main predictors of it.The impact of nutritional counseling on thyroid disorders in head and neck cancer patients after (chemo)radiotherapy: re…
- In 44 newborns, selenium-enriched formula raised blood selenium over three months, but the abstract reports no thyroid result.Selenium status of New Zealand infants fed either a selenium supplemented or a standard formula.
- In 21 people with an overactive thyroid, 150 mg of potassium iodide daily for 3 to 7 weeks lowered thyroid hormone levels, but the effect was variable and unpredictable, and it did not meaningfully change how thyroid hormones are broken down in the body.The effect of iodide on serum thyroid hormone levels in normal persons, in hyperthyroid patients, and in hypothyroid pat…
- In 32 women taking 400 micrograms of selenium daily for 15 weeks while eating fish, blood arsenic rose with fish intake, and the link between arsenic and thyroid hormone balance changed with selenium, so the thyroid effect is unclear.Fish arsenic may influence human blood arsenic, selenium, and T4:T3 ratio.
- In a crossover study of 20 people, a med alone suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone more than a med with 100 micrograms of iodide over 8 weeks, while 12 of 20 people with goitre had a smaller thyroid after 4 weeks.[Thyroxine vs iodine and thyroxine. Comparison of the TSH suppression test].
- In 19 healthy college students, 14 took 600 mg of natural vitamin E daily for 12 weeks and 5 took placebo, and thyroid function tests did not change.Effects of elevated d-alpha(RRR)-tocopherol dosage in man.
- In a small study of 11 iron-depleted women, ascorbic acid supplementation had no significant effect on their responses to cold exposure, which included changes in thyroid hormone levels.Thermogenesis and thermoregulatory function of iron-deficient women without anemia.
- In Down syndrome children with low blood zinc, zinc sulfate supplementation for 6 months lowered TSH from about 4.0 to 2.6 mIU/mL, bringing it to levels similar to children with normal zinc.Zinc sulfate supplementation improves thyroid function in hypozincemic Down children.
- In 145 healthy adults taking 2000 mg a day of ashwagandha root extract for 12 weeks, thyroid blood values stayed within normal reference ranges, and the small changes seen were judged clinically insignificant.Safety and tolerability of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root extract in healthy adults: a prospective, non-comparati…
- In 80 women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 200 mcg selenium daily for 6 months lowered anti-TPO antibodies by about 21% over the year, with no placebo group.Effects of 12 months treatment with L-selenomethionine on serum anti-TPO Levels in Patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis…
- In 70 pregnant women in their second trimester taking 300 mg of ashwagandha root extract twice a day for 12 weeks, thyroid function showed no harmful effects compared with standard care alone.Efficacy and safety of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root extract in pregnant women: a prospective, randomized, compa…
- In 64 pregnant women treated with a 7-day iodine vaginal suppository, newborns showed no signs of an underactive thyroid when checked 4 to 5 days after delivery.[Clinical significance of betadine vaginal suppository treatment in pregnancy].
- In 40 hemodialysis patients, eating one Brazil nut daily for three months raised selenium, free thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels, though triiodothyronine did not return to normal.EFFECT OF SELENIUM SUPPLEMENTATION VIA BRAZIL NUT (BERTHOLLETIA EXCELSA, HBK) ON THYROID HORMONES LEVELS IN HEMODIALYSIS…
- In 34 older adults over 6 months, a fruit, vegetable and berry powder that raised blood vitamin C was well tolerated and caused no thyroid-related safety problems, though a marker of protein damage fell before adjustment for baseline differences.Effects of a Commercial Fruit, Vegetable and Berry Juice Powder Concentrate on Metabolic Safety and Cardiovascular Healt…
- In 31 patients with underactive thyroid and gastritis, 500 mg vitamin C taken with a med for 2 months lowered thyroid stimulating hormone in all patients, normalized it in 55%, and raised thyroid hormone levels.Read the study on PubMed (24601693) →
- In 28 healthy adults taking 200 mcg of selenomethionine daily for about 28 months, thyroid hormone levels showed no clinically significant change.Effects of selenomethionine supplementation on selenium status and thyroid hormone concentrations in healthy adults.
- In 23 children with early autoimmune thyroiditis, 50 micrograms of selenium daily for 3 months did not change thyroid antibodies, but 35 percent of children had their thyroid shrink by 30 percent or more.Effects of selenium supplementation in the early stage of autoimmune thyroiditis in childhood: an open-label pilot study…
- In 22 people with normal thyroid function, iodine contrast dye given for scans caused a temporary rise in thyroid-stimulating hormone within the first week, and four people went above the normal range.Do iodine-containing contrast media induce clinically relevant changes in thyroid function parameters of euthyroid patie…
- In 21 people with early autoimmune thyroiditis, six months of myo-inositol with selenium lowered TSH and thyroid antibody levels, with no placebo group.Myo-inositol and selenium reduce the risk of developing overt hypothyroidism in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis.
- In 18 healthy men taking 1000 mg a day of standardized ashwagandha root extract for 4 weeks, thyroid function showed no significant changes.Clinical safety and tolerability evaluation of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha) root extract in healthy human…
- In 10 healthy men taking 27 mg of iodine daily for 4 weeks, the thyroid gland enlarged and thyroid-stimulating hormone rose, and both returned to baseline within a month after stopping.Evidence of thyroid volume increase in normal subjects receiving excess iodide.
- In 10 people on hemodialysis, six months of oral sodium selenite raised free T3 and lowered TSH, with no placebo group.Thyroid function and plasma selenium in chronic uremic patients on hemodialysis treatment.
- In 10 sedentary young men, 4 weeks of oral zinc sulfate supplements prevented the drop in thyroid hormone levels that followed bicycle exercise, though zinc did not raise thyroid hormones at rest beyond the pre-supplement values.Effect of fatiguing bicycle exercise on thyroid hormone and testosterone levels in sedentary males supplemented with ora…
- In five people with neurological endemic cretinism, giving iodide caused signs of an underactive thyroid, suggesting a hidden weakness in thyroid hormone production.Effects of iodides on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in neurological endemic cretinism: evidence for compensate…
- In five people with a gene mutation affecting selenoprotein production, selenium supplements raised blood selenium but did not correct their abnormal thyroid function tests.Selenium supplementation fails to correct the selenoprotein synthesis defect in subjects with SBP2 gene mutations.
- In a large US cohort of over 566,000 adults followed for years, dietary selenium intake was not linked to thyroid cancer risk.The association between selenium and other micronutrients and thyroid cancer incidence in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health S…
- In a survey of 5,878 US adults, higher vitamin C intake was linked to lower total thyroxine levels, with curved patterns for other thyroid hormone measures, so the effect on thyroid function is unclear.Association between vitamin C intake and thyroid function among U.S. adults: a population-based study.
- In a large US national survey of 2,732 adults, dietary vitamin C intake was not significantly associated with risk of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, though higher omega-3 fat intake was linked to lower risk.Investigating the associations between dietary nutrient intake and risk of Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a cross-sectional st…
- In 2041 pregnant women at 12 weeks, those taking selenium, zinc and copper supplements were about 1.46 times less likely to have elevated thyroid peroxidase antibodies, though plasma selenium was negatively related to free thyroxine.Plasma mineral (selenium, zinc or copper) concentrations in the general pregnant population, adjusted for supplement int…
- In a cross-sectional survey of 2037 US adults, lower dietary folate intake was linked to higher odds of autoimmune thyroiditis; the abstract did not report a separate finding for vitamin B12 intake.Lower dietary folate intake increases the risk of autoimmune thyroiditis.
- In a large French cross-sectional study, higher selenium levels were linked to smaller thyroid volume and lower goiter risk in women, with no such link found in men.Association of selenium with thyroid volume and echostructure in 35- to 60-year-old French adults.
- In 1802 healthy children and adolescents in Germany, many had urine iodine below the WHO target, but iodine levels did not correlate with thyroid hormone levels or thyroid antibodies.Spot urine iodine levels below the WHO recommendation are not related to impaired thyroid function in healthy children a…
- In children aged 8 to 12 in western Poland, goiter cases fell from 35.4% in 1992 to 6.3% in 2005 after salt iodization, though antibody levels rose in some children.Changes in thyroid morphology and function in children in western Poland as a result of intensified iodine prophylaxis.
- In 1,207 adults aged 45 and older in Ireland, hypothyroidism and vitamin B12 deficiency were both linked to large red blood cells, and vitamin B12 deficiency affected 2.7 percent.Haematinic deficiency and macrocytosis in middle-aged and older adults.
- In 1022 pregnant Chilean women in the first trimester, iodine intake was adequate, but about 6% had clinical or subclinical hypothyroidism, a higher rate than in the literature.Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Reference Ranges in the First Trimester of Pregnancy in an Iodine-Sufficient Country.
- In children in areas with high iodine in drinking water, goitre prevalence fell from 24.6% to 5.9% after iodized salt was removed from their diet for about one and a half years.[Influence of removing iodized salt on children's goiter status in areas with high iodine in drinking water].
- In 741 pregnant women in China, higher blood iodine was linked to higher free and total thyroxine levels, while its link to free triiodothyronine was curved, peaking at intermediate levels.Serum iodine concentration in pregnant women and its association with thyroid function.
- In a survey of 625 school-age children in northern Cyprus, no child had a thyroid larger than the recommended limit, and most had adequate iodine intake, with a median urinary iodine of 120 micrograms per liter.Iodine status and thyroid volumes of school age children from Northern Cyprus.
- In 608 people with papillary thyroid cancer, urinary copper was measured, but the abstract reports no clear link between copper and aggressive tumor features.Associations between essential microelements exposure and the aggressive clinicopathologic characteristics of papillary …
- In 399 older heart patients in São Paulo, about 1 in 14 had an overactive thyroid and about 1 in 12 had an underactive thyroid, and about 31% had urinary iodine above the excessive-intake level of 300 micrograms per liter; the study did not test iodine supplementation.The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in elderly cardiology patients with mild excessive iodine intake in the urban area…
- In 387 healthy men aged about 77, higher selenium status was linked to better bone mineral density but not to thyroid hormone levels.Selenium Status Is Positively Associated with Bone Mineral Density in Healthy Aging European Men.
- In 387 middle-aged and older adults, red blood cell zinc was only weakly and negatively related to total T4 thyroid hormone levels.Basal metabolic rate and thyroid hormones of late-middle-aged and older human subjects: the ZENITH study.
- In 365 pregnant women in New York City, those offered 150 mcg of potassium iodide daily had higher urine iodine (170 vs 128 mcg/L) and less risk of iodine deficiency (23% vs 39%), though over 20% of supplemented women were still at risk.Apparent insufficiency of iodine supplementation in pregnancy.
- In 334 pregnant women in southern India, iodine status was adequate, yet 18% had thyroid insufficiency, with overweight and anemia predicting it.High prevalence of maternal hypothyroidism despite adequate iodine status in Indian pregnant women in the first trimeste…
- After mandatory iodized salt was introduced in a severely iodine-deficient area of Turkey, goiter prevalence in 304 schoolchildren fell (19.4% by palpation, 14.6% by ultrasound) and the area became only mildly iodine-deficient within 3 years.Effect of iodine supplementation on goiter prevalence among the pediatric population in a severely iodine deficient area…
- Pregnant women with iodine insufficiency had lower alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) levels than those with adequate iodine, with no change in thyroid stimulating hormone.Assessment of thyroid function, ioduria and oxidative stress in women in the first trimester of pregnancy.
- In 237 people with overactive thyroid treated with low-dose radioactive iodine plus 12 to 18 months of antithyroid drugs, 83% had clinical remission and 0.8% developed lasting underactive thyroid.[Treatment of diffuse toxic goiter with radioactive iodine in combination with prolonged antithyroid therapy].
- In a questionnaire survey of 232 Polish people with hypothyroidism, vitamin C was among the supplements commonly taken, but the survey did not measure whether it improved thyroid health.Dietary supplements in hypothyroidism.
- Thyroid autoimmunity was more common in women with breast cancer than in controls, and thyroid autoimmunity did not affect survival, though higher serum selenium was linked to worse relapse-free survival.Thyroid autoimmunity occurs more frequently in women with breast cancer compared to women with colorectal cancer and con…
- In 200 people, blood selenium levels were similar in those with and without thyroid nodules, so no link between selenium and nodules was found.Serum Selenium Levels in Euthyroid Nodular Thyroid Diseases.
- In 191 healthy adults taking standardized ashwagandha root extract for 12 months, thyroid function was monitored and the study reported no clinically significant safety problems.Safety of 12-Months Administration of Ashwagandha ( Withania somnifera ) Standardized Root Extract in Healthy Adults: A …
- In a blood metabolite comparison of 80 people with papillary thyroid cancer and 80 healthy controls, alpha-tocotrienol (a form of vitamin E) was higher in the cancer group. This was an association only and did not involve vitamin E supplementation.Serum Metabolomics Study of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Based on HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS.
- Egyptian women with autoimmune subclinical hypothyroidism had higher urine iodine than healthy controls, and within the patients higher iodine went with higher thyroid-stimulating hormone.Excess urinary iodine is associated with autoimmune subclinical hypothyroidism among Egyptian women.
- In a retrospective review of 130 people having thyroid surgery, serum zinc levels did not differ significantly between those with papillary thyroid cancer and those with benign disease; copper was higher in the cancer group.Copper as ancillary diagnostic tool in preoperative evaluation of possible papillary thyroid carcinoma in patients with …
- Among 129 people with cystic fibrosis, 83.7% had low iodine levels and 11.6% had subclinical hypothyroidism, though no link to age, weight, nutrition or lung function was found.Iodine deficiency and subclinical hypothyroidism are common in cystic fibrosis patients.
- Thyroid tissue from people with nodular goitre contained less copper than tissue from healthy autopsy thyroids.Determination of cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc in thyroid glands of patients with diagnosed nodular…
- In 110 pregnant women in the Paris area, lower iodine levels were linked to smaller fetal thyroid glands, and widespread iodine deficiency was found.Iodine deficiency in northern Paris area: impact on fetal thyroid mensuration.
- Among 105 patients treated with radioactive iodine for overactive thyroid, 81% were clinically euthyroid at follow-up, and raised TSH levels in about half of the euthyroid patients did not progress to overt hypothyroidism over 12 months.Thyroid function in patients treated with radioactive iodine for thyrotoxicosis.
- Serum vitamin E tracked with lipid peroxides, and both were lower in malnourished people and people with thyroid disorders than in healthy adults.Serum vitamin E and lipid peroxides in malnutrition, hyper and hypothyroidism.
- In a cross-sectional study of 92 women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, higher dietary vitamin C intake was weakly linked to lower thyroid antibody levels (r = -0.22, p = 0.05), but this was one of several correlations and does not show cause and effect.Parallel investigation of oxidative stress and nutritional profile in women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
- Women with newly diagnosed subclinical hypothyroidism had a higher copper to zinc ratio and a higher copper to magnesium ratio than healthy women.Association Between Low Circulating Omentin-1, Vitamin D, Antioxidants, and Trace Elements Imbalances in Women with Subc…
- In 90 patients with thyroid cancer, alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) was one of several metabolites that distinguished those with lymph node spread from those without.Gut microbiota and metabolite profiles in thyroid cancer lymph node metastasis: a multi-omics analysis.
- In 34 people with phenylketonuria or milder high phenylalanine and 42 healthy controls, blood alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) levels did not differ between groups, even though selenium was lower in the patients and thyroid hormone status was altered.Antioxidant and thyroid hormone status in selenium-deficient phenylketonuric and hyperphenylalaninemic patients.
- In 67 adults with an overactive or underactive thyroid, blood zinc levels showed no clear link to thyroid activity.Free amino acids, copper, iron and zinc composition in sera of patients with thyrometabolic diseases.
- In 20 people with an underactive thyroid, 20 with an overactive thyroid and 20 healthy controls, blood vitamin E was raised in the underactive group and returned to control levels after 2 months of treatment. Oxidative stress markers also fell with treatment in the overactive group. Vitamin E was not supplemented.The effect of hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and their treatment on parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant sta…
- This observational study of 58 overweight or obese adults did not test vitamin E as a treatment; it only found that people with food addiction reported higher intake of gamma-tocopherol, a form of vitamin E, and had lower TSH, a thyroid hormone, than those without food addiction.Hormonal and dietary characteristics in obese human subjects with and without food addiction.
- Thyroid cancer patients had lower blood selenium and zinc before surgery than healthy controls, and levels were back to normal by day 15 after surgery.Changes in the Serum Levels of Trace Elements Before and After the Operation in Thyroid Cancer Patients.
- LDL vitamin E was lower in hypothyroid patients than in healthy controls, while LDL oxidation was higher in both hyperthyroid and hypothyroid patients.Effect of thyroid function on LDL oxidation.
- Of 47 people with lung metastases from thyroid cancer, 28 showed radioactive iodine uptake in the tumors, and those with less severe underactive thyroid after surgery were more likely to show this uptake.Increased uptake of iodine-131 in metastases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma associated with less severe hypothyroid…
- In a cross-sectional study of 46 papillary thyroid cancer patients, higher vitamin E intake was linked to a lower rate of lymph node spread, though this does not prove vitamin E causes the benefit.Histopathological prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma associated with nutritional status of vitamins A and E.
- In a retrospective review of 45 Chinese adults admitted with thyrotoxic periodic paralysis, about one quarter had normal red blood cell zinc levels; this was not a zinc supplement study.Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis in a Chinese population.
- Women with thyroid gland disease had lower serum selenium levels than healthy controls, with the lowest levels in the hyperthyroid group.[Selenium concentration in serum of women with thyroid gland disease].
- In 20 people with overt hypothyroidism, serum vitamin E was higher than in controls and correlated with markers of oxidative stress.Association between thyroid hormones, lipids and oxidative stress biomarkers in overt hypothyroidism.
- In 38 retrospectively reviewed thyroid cancer patients with raised thyroglobulin but no visible disease, extra high-dose radioactive iodine treatment was followed by normal thyroglobulin levels in 6 patients over 8 to 46 months, and the long-term effect on survival was unclear.I-131 therapy for thyroglobulin positive patients without anatomical evidence of persistent disease.
- In 28 adults taking 100 to 800 IU of vitamin E daily for about 3 years, blood tests of the thyroid gland showed no disturbance, though no placebo group was used.Megavitamin E supplementation in man.
- In 25 people with overactive or underactive thyroids, vitamin B12 malabsorption was found in only 2 underactive patients, and fat and sugar absorption problems were common.Malabsorption in thyroid dysfunctions.
- In a case series of 22 surgical patients with low vitamin C or thiamin and raised TSH, two patients died from scurvy, and no vitamin C treatment effect on thyroid function was studied.Hypothyroidism Complicated by Vitamin C and Thiamin Deficiency in Surgical Patients.
- Over about 96 days at sea in 17 crew members, blood alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) stayed stable during the first phase of hard work and a high-fat diet, while TSH rose. Vitamin E was not supplemented.Metabolic adaptation in the crew of the Hesperides on their Antarctic journey.
- Among five team members exposed to a radioactive plume in Fukushima, those who took two potassium iodide pills about 36 hours before exposure showed an inverse link between age and thyroid radioactivity, suggesting stable iodine may have a protective effect.A Study of Thyroid 131I Activity of Five Human Subjects Exposed to a Radioactive Plume at Tamura City in Fukushima.
- In a case-control study in India, people with hypothyroidism had higher urinary iodine and anti-TPO antibody levels than matched controls, which the authors interpret as an association between excess iodine intake and hypothyroidism.Does iodine excess lead to hypothyroidism? Evidence from a case-control study in India.
- A survey of children in the Tomsk Region found iodine intake at about 60% of normal needs, and tyrosine, a building block of thyroid hormones, was also found to be deficient. No tyrosine supplement was given, so this does not show whether tyrosine improves thyroid health.[Hygienic aspects of iodine deficiency diseases in the Tomsk Region].
- This study tested a zinc measurement kit and found red blood cell zinc was lower in Graves' disease than in silent thyroiditis, helping tell the two apart; it did not test any supplement.Measurement of red blood cell zinc concentration with Zn-test kit: discrimination between hyperthyroid Graves' disease a…
- In a 1977 study, people with overactive thyroid excreted more zinc in urine than healthy people, and the extra loss tracked with how severe the thyroid-driven metabolic response was; no supplement was tested.Zinc metabolism and thyroid status.
- People with goiter had lower blood selenium and thyroid hormone levels than healthy controls, and the abstract does not report the effect of 6 months of selenium plus iodine supplementation.Effects of selenium supplementation on iodine and thyroid hormone status in a selected population with goitre in Pakista…
- In 40 thyroid cancer patients receiving radioiodine, taking 1000 mg of vitamin E with vitamin C and selenium for 21 days beforehand reduced the rise in a blood marker of lipid peroxidation, with an average increase of 56% versus 112% in the group without supplements.Radioiodine-induced oxidative stress in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma and effect of supplementation wit…
- In 20 men with autoimmune thyroiditis and normal thyroid function, 6 months of 83 mcg daily selenium raised free thyroxine and improved sperm parameters, while the thyroid-stimulating hormone did not change significantly.Effects of Selenium Supplementation on Sperm Parameters and DNA-Fragmentation Rate in Patients with Chronic Autoimmune T…
- In goitrous patients, a single yearly dose of an iodised oil containing 376 mg iodine per mL was reported to normalise thyroid function within 3 months in early-stage goitre.Brassiodol, a new iodised oil for goitrous patients.
- In patients with thyroid cancer, a diagnostic iodine scan reduced thyroid uptake of the later therapeutic radioactive iodine dose, with the effect larger for iodine-131 than iodine-123 and greatest when the two doses were about 25 days apart.Self-stunning in thyroid ablation: evidence from comparative studies of diagnostic 131I and 123I.
- In children with normal thyroid function, sodium iodide at 1500 to 2000 micrograms per square meter of body surface per day maximally suppressed thyroid uptake of radioactive iodine, and the suppression reversed when the iodide was stopped.Minimal dosage of iodide required to suppress uptake of iodine-131 by normal thyroid.
Review Totals and Summary
Members OnlyWhat buyers say
No written reviews read yet.
Biohacker Summary
Members Only0 of 10 recommend it
Zinc is the main ingredient the panel spoke about, and nine of the ten talked about it: four recommend it and four others use it, while one warns about overdoing it. They take it for testosterone and prostate health, sperm health, mood and motivation, immune support alongside vitamin C, gut lining and stomach problems (in the zinc carnosine form), wound healing, and sleep. Doses given include 15 mg each morning by one panelist and 30 mg for sperm health by another, and the one who warns says too much zinc can lead to low copper. Iodine and selenium also count as main ingredients here: one panelist recommends enough iodine for thyroid hormone levels, while another warns that high doses carry a risk of thyroid autoimmune problems, and one recommends selenium for immune balance. Vitamin C, which was often paired with collagen, is a smaller ingredient in this product and was widely recommended by the panel.
See all 10 biohackers →Hide the biohackers
Dr. Eric Berg · Zinc · recommends
- Recommends ensuring sufficient zinc intake because the prostate needs enough zinc for the conversion from testosterone to DHT to be smooth and optimized.
- Mentions that lemon is loaded with vitamin C, and when combined with coffee, vitamin C significantly increases the bioavailability of antioxidants in the coffee.
- Dr. Berg states that Vitamin C helps fight biofilms and is essential for making collagen in gums, teeth, and capillaries.
- Recommends taking zinc carnosine for an ulcer or some type of gastric problem.
- Recommends Vitamin C as a cofactor, especially for collagen.
- Emphasizes the importance of zinc for decreasing viral replication and recommends taking 40 to 60 mg every single day.
- States that high doses of vitamin C, like 2 to 4 grams, can greatly reduce inflammation and support the immune system.
- Recommends applying a drop of iodine and covering the skin tag with a bandage twice a day for topical skin tag removal.
- Notes that birth control pills deplete the body of zinc, which is needed for the brain to make serotonin.
- Added zinc to his creatine product because a deficiency in zinc might make creatine not work as well.
- Mentions that grass-fed liver is loaded with zinc.
- Recommends zinc to enhance testosterone.
- Added copper to his creatine product because a deficiency in copper might make creatine not work as well.
- Mentions that grass-fed liver is loaded with copper.
Andrew Huberman · Zinc · uses
- Zinc carnosine to support and improve the lining of your gut.
- Notes that AG1 Pro contains zinc carnosine to support and improve the lining of the gut.
- Mentions Tyrosine as a precursor to dopamine.
- Discusses L-Tyrosine as a neuromodulator for cognitive enhancement and focus.
- He recommends 500 mg to 1,000 mg of L-tyrosine, an amino acid precursor to dopamine, taken alone or in conjunction with alpha GPC, to increase focus without stimulant-based alertness.
- States that AG1 Pro contains zinc carnosine to support and improve the lining of the gut.
- Uses AG1 Pro, which contains zinc carnosine to support and improve the lining of the gut.
- Uses 500 milligrams of L-Tyrosine in capsule form, often combined with Alpha-GPC and coffee, early in the day before workouts or concentrated mental work to increase dopamine transmission for concentration and focus.
- Discusses L-Tyrosine and its relation to dopamine, also mentioning combining tools.
- States that AG1 Pro contains zinc carnosine to support and improve the lining of the gut, and he was already taking some of these ingredients separately.
- States that AG1 Pro includes zinc carnosine, which he was already taking separately, to support and improve the lining of the gut.
- Personally takes zinc carnosine, which is included in AG1 Pro to support and improve the lining of the gut.
- AG1 Pro has zinc carnosine to support and improve the lining of your gut. Some of these ingredients I personally was already taking separate from the AG1 formula.
- States that AG1 Pro contains zinc carnosine to support and improve the lining of your gut.
Ben Greenfield · Zinc · warns
- Ben Greenfield's formulation includes 30 grams of zinc a day, taken for one week before surgery and two weeks after, as it is an important cofactor for wound healing.
- Mentions that overshooting zinc can lead to a copper deficiency, highlighting the interplay between these elements.
- Mentions a recent study showing no significant increase in bleeding for patients on Vitamin E supplementation during open heart surgery, which was interesting for him to learn.
- States that vitamin C is extremely important for collagen turnover and cites orthopedic data showing that 500 mg to 1 g of vitamin C can reduce the rate of complex regional pain in total knee replacements and wrist fractures.
- Recommends taking sufficient iodine to ensure free T3 levels are right, which is important for the reverse calcium transport system.
- Recommends taking sufficient selenium to ensure free T3 levels are right, which is important for the reverse calcium transport system.
- Mentions vitamin C as part of a bare-minimum protocol.
- Emphasizes that zinc sufficiency is crucial for immunity because the thymus-derived peptide thymulin, which trains lymphocytes, requires zinc to be active.
- Notes that while vitamin C has significant value, the optimal dose is a vexed question, and high doses might not always be beneficial, potentially blunting the hormetic effects of exercise.
- Ashwagandha, taken as 120–1,000 mg for at least 6 weeks, with most studies providing a dose of 400–600 mg/d, can lower cortisol levels, improve sleep quality, and enhance cognitive resilience for athletes during challenging phases consisting of high-volume resistance training.
- Recommends adding zinc into one's stack because it is a co-factor for enzymes involved in testosterone synthesis and sperm maturation, and zinc deficiency is a reproducible cause of low sperm count.
- He mentions zinc as a supplement with real human data behind it for male fertility.
- Zinc may support both testosterone and sperm count.
- Says Formula IQ CopperIQ Serum has stayed in their routine to close out summer strong.
Thomas DeLauer · Zinc · uses
- Adds zinc to their immunity duo because it helps them absorb vitamin C, considering the two together a fantastic combination for fall and winter.
- Recommends taking vitamin C along with collagen about an hour before a workout for connective tissue benefits.
- Uses vitamin C as part of their immunity duo, stating it is important for boosting the immune system, especially during cold and flu season.
- Recommends Vitamin B12 for mental health and mood, explaining its role in myelination and neurotransmitter production. They specifically recommend a liposomal and micellar form of methylcobalamin B12 for better absorption and to avoid toxicity.
- Recommends zinc, noting it is a cofactor for enzymes that build neurotransmitters, and deficiency can affect mood, happiness, and motivation.
- Recommends adding selenium to the diet, found in Brazil nuts (two or three a day), eggs, shellfish, and mushrooms, as the glutathione recycling process is very selenium dependent and it helps protect against feroptosis.
- Recommends consuming vitamin C to aid in NADPH recycling, which is necessary for glutathione to be reused after neutralizing oxidative stress.
- Mentions that more zinc could be beneficial for testosterone, but it's not working on the axis that most people need help with.
- Recommends ashwagandha extract, noting a study where 57 overweight men over 40 saw a 14.7% increase in testosterone and an 18% increase in DHEA over 16 weeks, suggesting it removes the cortisol block suppressing the entire hormonal cascade.
- Takes Purity's liquid liposomal vitamin C for immune support and overall wellness, finding it easy to add to water, juice, or take straight up due to its good taste.
- Compares zinc content, noting salmon has under 1mg while oysters have 74mg per 100g, a 70x difference.
- Compares the Vitamin C content of oranges (53mg) to guava (228mg), noting guava has 4x more.
- Recommends keeping zinc levels topped off because it is a critical cofactor for over 300 enzymes and is important for immune cells, testosterone, and wound healing.
- Recommends 15 mg of supplemental zinc if oysters are not realistic, but emphasizes that food source zinc is better as it comes with natural cofactors like copper and selenium.
Dave Asprey · Zinc · uses
- Developed a nonnano zinc sunscreen over five years, stating her skin is probably better now than it's ever been.
- Recommends taking vitamin C for better skin health.
- Dave explains how L-tyrosine gives your brain the raw materials to make focus chemicals, and mentions the dose and timing that work.
- States that currently, he is only taking vitamin C and vitamin D.
- Dave Asprey's kids get a little bit of vitamin E every day, which helps to stabilize the bad oils they get when eating at restaurants.
- Emphasizes the importance of having enough zinc before trying advanced longevity strategies like peptides.
- Emphasizes the importance of having enough selenium before trying advanced longevity strategies like peptides.
- Emphasizes the importance of having enough copper before trying advanced longevity strategies like peptides.
- Suggests that zinc has better safety and protective data than meds for reducing cardio respiratory risk.
- Dave Asprey notes that ashwagandha, when taken as a real standardized extract at a real dose, genuinely lowers cortisol and shows effects on stress and sleep quality in randomized trials, but lacks polysomnography data.
- Uses L-Tyrosine, an amino acid, to provide the brain with raw ingredients to make dopamine and norepinephrine, which activate the focus switch. He takes 500 mg every morning and advises starting with that dose and working up if needed, ideally on an empty stomach.
- Warns that too much selenium increases cancer risk, becomes a toxin, and gets sequestered in tumors.
- Recommends Vitamin E as one of the most important supplements for overall health.
- Dave Asprey reflects on how new research clarifies the mechanism behind IV vitamin C's anti-cancer effect, vindicating a decades-old idea that was dismissed for the wrong reasons.
Dr. Mark Hyman · Zinc · uses
- Gave a patient with psoriatic arthritis a little zinc, which contributed to significant improvement in her condition.
- Lists ashwagandha as an herb that can help lower anxiety or depression symptoms.
- Recommends vitamin C as a basic supplement during detoxification to help with inflammation and detoxification.
- Dr. Hyman mentions vitamin C as an advanced therapy for skin repair.
- Mentions topical vitamin C as an antioxidant that can help skin with aging.
- Mentions that what they do when a cold comes on is not just vitamin C.
- Recommends ensuring adequate zinc intake on a regular basis for immune support, noting some data on zinc lozenges for early cold.
- Includes selenium in a formula he uses to support health during the winter season.
- Recommends ensuring adequate vitamin C intake on a regular basis for immune support, stating it's important for healthy immune function despite mixed data on its effectiveness for colds.
- Mentions that vitamin C was the very first vitamin discovered, isolated, and synthesized in 1932, and its deficiency caused scurvy.
- Recommends correcting nutrient deficiencies with zinc.
- Recommends nutrient-dense foods rich in zinc, such as pumpkin seeds and oysters, to reduce inflammation.
- Recommends nutrient-dense foods rich in selenium, such as Brazil nuts and sardines, to reduce inflammation.
- Recommends nutrient-dense foods rich in vitamin C, such as guavas and parsley, to reduce inflammation.
Dr. Rhonda Patrick · Zinc · recommends
- Notes that not getting enough zinc can affect testosterone, as zinc is very important for testosterone synthesis.
- Recommends men take a 30 milligram zinc supplement for sperm health when preparing for IVF.
- Lutein and zeaxanthin can also be obtained from certain multivitamins.
- Lutein and zeaxanthin can also be obtained from certain multivitamins.
- Discusses findings from a meta-analysis on zinc supplementation, noting it improved insulin resistance, inflammation, and oxidative stress in people with diabetes or prediabetes, and explains its biological role in the pancreas.
- Recommends nutrients like zinc for men to prioritize sperm mitochondrial health.
- Recommends nutrients like vitamin C for men to prioritize sperm mitochondrial health.
- Dr. Rhonda Patrick's daughter chugs an Emergency fizzy drink in the morning to ensure she gets some vitamin C and micronutrients before school.
- Choosing a multivitamin that includes lutein and zeaxanthin ensures you get meaningful amounts every day.
- Choosing a multivitamin that includes lutein and zeaxanthin ensures you get meaningful amounts every day.
- Notes that ~60% of Americans are low in vitamin E.
- Notes that ~35% of Americans are low in vitamin C.
- Recommends increasing vitamin C intake if concerned about skin aging, noting it is an essential cofactor for collagen synthesis.
- Recommends Zinc, stating it is a critical mineral required for testosterone production and that supplementation corrects deficiency-related low testosterone.
Siim Land · Selenium · recommends
- States that deficiencies in nutrients such as selenium can impair normal immune regulation.
- Recommends taking vitamin C with collagen to support joint collagen synthesis.
- States that vitamin C is needed for initiating collagen synthesis and that higher vitamin C intake appears to increase vitamin C content in the skin.
- Mentions that copper is a mineral necessary for making collagen.
- Recommends Ashwagandha for stress, sleep and performance, based primarily on human research, especially randomized controlled trials showing measurable benefits.
- Lists Ashwagandha as one of 15 supplements backed by human studies.
- Lists sauerkraut and fruit as sources of Vitamin C.
- Notes that Vitamin C is one of several supplements with human evidence.
- Notes that Ashwagandha is one of several supplements with human evidence.
- States that deficiencies in nutrients such as zinc can impair normal immune regulation.
- Notes that researchers found vitamin C alleviates ferro-aging, a process of iron overload and lipid peroxidation that drives aging, and that it directly inhibited ACSL4, a protein driving ferro-aging.
- States that Vitamin C has a central role in aging and longevity, and that in monkeys, oral vitamin C slowed ovarian aging during a 3.3-year study.
- States that vitamin C is one of the most important vitamins for staying healthy and aging well, and that intakes of 200 to 400 mg a day from food or supplements largely saturates plasma and neutrophils in most healthy adults. He also recommends spreading out the vitamin C across the day to avoid oversaturation.
- Notes that oral vitamin E and C supplementation has been noted to increase the dose of UVB radiation from the sun needed to cause redness of the skin, suggesting increased resilience against sun damage. He also mentions a trial where a combination of slow-release vitamin C and vitamin E decreased the progression of carotid atherosclerosis in men.
Bryan Johnson · Zinc · uses
- Takes 15 mg of Zinc in the morning for longevity.
- Takes 15 mg of Zinc in the morning.
- Takes 15 mg of Zinc in the morning for longevity.
- Takes 2 mg of Copper in the morning for longevity.
- Drinks his Blueprint longevity mix with additional morning supplements, including ashwagandha.
- States that Blueprint Ashwagandha can be used to stabilize mood.
- States that Blueprint essential capsules and soft gels are packed with key vitamins and minerals needed for strong bone health.
- Uses Vitamin C as an example of how it would be great if people knew that when they took it, it had a measurable amount and wasn't polluted, which is what Brian ensures with his products.
- Applies vitamin C after showering.
- Mentions that Ashwagandha is included in the LA Longevity Mix, which condenses his 100 daily pills into a drink.
- Bryan Johnson's baseline measurements showed low zinc, which was easy to fix by adjusting her protocol and supplements.
- Mentions ashwagandha as a potential therapy that could positively influence sperm health.
- Takes 250 milligrams of Vitamin C.
- Mentions ashwagandha as an ingredient in his 'bag of goodies', indicating he uses it.
Peter Attia · Zinc · recommends
- Suggests that zinc and magnesium could potentially help with vasodilation and sleep, particularly for women experiencing severe symptoms in the luteal phase.
- Peter reviews the evidence for select off-label medications and supplements commonly used for sleep, including glycine, magnesium, ashwagandha, and phosphatidylserine.
- Discusses the dangers of supplementing with high levels of iodine.
- Warns that high-dose iodine supplementation carries a risk of autoimmune thyroid disease, citing increased incidence in Japan due to higher dietary iodine intake.
- Notes that several studies show patients taking selenium can reduce TPO levels and prolong the honeymoon period of Hashimoto's disease.
- Finds ashwagandha a little bit helpful for sleep, though notes it may not be for everyone.
- Finds ashwagandha "a little bit helpful" for sleep, but notes that it may not be for everyone.
- Recommends vitamin C as an important molecule for skin, noting its role as a precursor for collagen synthesis, a powerful antioxidant, and a regulator of complexion for even skin tone.
- Tried a vitamin C serum mixed with ferulic acid but stopped using it because she hated the smell. She notes that topical application of vitamin C far exceeds the levels achievable by ingestion for skin benefits.
- Finds ashwagandha a little bit helpful for sleep, but notes it may not be for everyone.
- States that the data for ashwagandha are weak.
- Discusses the current evidence for ashwagandha's effects on sleep, stress, and anxiety.
- Mentions ashwagandha as an evergreen shrub historically used in traditional Indian medicine for indications such as sleep, stress, and immune health.
- Notes that deficiencies in certain vitamins and minerals, such as B12, can be a cause of hair loss in women.
RAL Summary
Members OnlyTier 4 for Thyroid Health
Some ingredients, mainly selenium, iodine and zinc, have human study support for thyroid measures, but no reviews have been counted. That keeps the product at the emerging tier.
Take 4 servings a day (8 capsules) to match the dose that worked in the studies.
- Emerging: not enough evidence to rank higher yet.
Where the evidence disagrees: 98 of the 204 human studies found no effect.
More Details
Members OnlyBody systems · Combine with · Possible side effects
Body systems: Endocrine system, Immune system, Nervous system
Possible side effects: In the studies, high iodine intake enlarged the thyroid in healthy men and slowed recovery after thyroid surgery. One selenium review reported a higher risk of side effects, though another found no more than with control.
Supplement Facts
Ashwagandha Extract 90 mg · Copper 500 mcg · Iodine 225 mcg
| Ashwagandha Extract (Withania somnifera) | 90 mg | † |
| Copper | 500 mcg | |
| Iodine | 225 mcg | |
| Selenium | 100 mcg | |
| L-Tyrosine | 500 mg | † |
| Vitamin B12 | 100 mcg | |
| Vitamin C | 200 mg | |
| Vitamin E | 67 mg | |
| Zinc | 5 mg |
Other ingredients: Leucine, Silicon Dioxide, Hypromellose (derived from cellulose) capsule.
Directions: Take 2 capsules two times daily or as recommended by your health-care professional.
Label source: Reverseagelab · Report a label change
Show entire label
More thyroid health products
Members OnlyThe highest ranked for the same goal
Read more
Our articles on this subject
- What Supplements and Vitamins Should Not Be Taken TogetherArticle · Sep 7, 2026
- Supplement Redundancy: How to Find the Ingredients You Are Taking Twice, and Why It MattersArticle · Oct 13, 2026
Graded November 5, 2026 by the Reverse Age Lab evidence engine, from human studies, real reviews and our biohacker panel. How we grade. Is this medical advice? No. Rala organizes the published evidence; go over any change with your doctor, especially if you take meds.
Privacy policyConsumer health dataAffiliate disclosureTermsDo Not Sell or Share My Personal InformationCookie settings

