Nature Made Zero Sugar‡ EnergyWell Drink Mix Review
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Study, Trial or Testing Result Summary
Members Only259 human studies · 72 improved
3 of these 259 human studies gave the ingredient by drip, not by mouth.
Vitamin C is the main studied ingredient at a full dose when taken as two servings a day, and its evidence is small and mixed. In 31 people with an underactive thyroid, 500 mg with their medicine lowered thyroid stimulating hormone [1], and a very small 12-person trial also found benefit [2]. A larger trial of 102 people with autoimmune thyroid disease found no difference from placebo [3]. Vitamin D is also at a full dose. Pooled trials in Hashimoto's disease found lower thyroid antibodies [4], but another pooled analysis found vitamin D alone did not lower antibodies [5], and it did not help Graves' disease remission [6]. Several ingredients are below the studied dose. Vitamin A is only a trace amount compared with studied doses [7]. Zinc [8] and selenium [9] are both below the doses that helped. The potassium studies tested potassium iodide or bromide, not plain potassium, so they do not apply to this drink [10]. Vitamin E [11], vitamin B6 [12], caffeine [13] and taurine [14] showed no thyroid benefit in human studies. Animal and cell studies are never counted.
See all 259 studies →Hide the studies
- Across 64 studies of 28,597 people, those with an underactive thyroid had lower vitamin B12 levels than healthy people, but no difference was seen for overactive thyroid, autoimmune thyroid disease or mild underactive thyroid; this did not test supplements.Vitamin B12 levels in thyroid disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
- A pooled analysis of 114 observational studies found lower zinc in thyroid cancer tissue, but it did not test zinc supplements and is about cancer rather than thyroid health.Serum and tissue zinc in epithelial malignancies: a meta-analysis.
- Across 28 observational studies of 5,492 adults, blood folate levels did not differ significantly between people with thyroid disorders (underactive, mildly underactive, autoimmune, or overactive thyroid) and healthy people; no folate was given as a treatment.Folate concentrations in thyroid disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
- In a pooled analysis of 35 trials with 3,508 people with underactive thyroid, adding zinc, magnesium and vitamin A to a med raised free thyroxine compared with placebo, though exercise combined with a med did best for thyroid-stimulating hormone and quality of life.Additional treatment strategies for hypothyroidism: a network meta-analysis.
- Pooling randomized trials in people with Hashimoto thyroiditis, selenium lowered thyroid-stimulating hormone (in those not on thyroid hormone replacement), thyroid antibodies and an oxidative stress marker, with no more side effects than control.Selenium Supplementation in Patients with Hashimoto Thyroiditis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Cli…
- In 10 case-control studies with 2205 people, those with thyroid cancer had lower blood selenium than healthy people, but this does not test whether taking selenium helps.Relationship between Serum Levels of Selenium and Thyroid Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
- Across 21 randomized trials in 1610 people with Hashimoto thyroiditis, selenium lowered thyroid antibodies at 3 and 6 months and thyroid-stimulating hormone at 6 months, with selenomethionine working better than sodium selenite or selenium yeast.Clinical efficacy of selenium supplementation in patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis: A systematic review and meta-analy…
- Across 12 trials with 862 people with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, vitamin D lowered thyroid antibody levels and raised thyroid hormones (FT3, FT4) compared with placebo or no treatment, with larger effects after more than 12 weeks.Effects of vitamin D supplementation on autoantibodies and thyroid function in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: A …
- In a network analysis of 10 studies in people with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, six months of vitamin D alone did not significantly lower thyroid antibodies, while selenium did.Effects of different supplements on Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.
- A pooled analysis of 32 observational studies found people with underactive thyroid had lower blood zinc than healthy people, but it did not test zinc supplements.Trace Element Status and Hypothyroidism: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
- A pooled analysis of 10 observational studies found blood zinc was not significantly lower in people with thyroid cancer than in healthy controls.Zinc Status and Occurrence of Thyroid Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
- In 23 trials in adults with autoimmune thyroiditis, selenium lowered thyroid antibodies and thyroid echogenicity but did not change thyroid-stimulating hormone and carried a higher risk of side effects, so the authors judged the evidence insufficient to justify its use.Insufficient evidence to support the clinical efficacy of selenium supplementation for patients with chronic autoimmune …
- In four randomized trials of people with Graves' orbitopathy (thyroid eye disease), selenium beat placebo at 6 and 12 months for eye disease activity and quality of life, with no difference in adverse effects.The efficacy and safety of selenium supplementation versus placebo in the treatment of Graves' orbitopathy: A systematic…
- Pooling 19 studies, thyroid cancer patients had higher manganese levels in thyroid tissue than people with benign thyroid disease, while manganese blood levels did not differ; this compared body levels and did not test manganese supplements.The role of heavy metals in thyroid cancer: A meta-analysis.
- In a pooled analysis of 21 trials in people with Graves hyperthyroidism, adding potassium bromide to methimazole ranked best for lowering thyroid hormones at 1 month, though this was a ranking and not a direct comparison.THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS OF COMBINATION REGIMENS INCLUDING METHIMAZOLE ON GRAVES HYPERTHYROIDISM: A NETWORK META-ANALYSIS OF …
- In four trials with 463 people with Hashimoto thyroiditis (average 7.5 months), 200 mcg selenomethionine lowered thyroid antibodies versus placebo in several trials, but the trials were at unclear to high risk of bias so evidence was judged incomplete.Selenium supplementation for Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
- A review of 11 studies found conflicting results for vitamin A supplements and thyroid cancer risk, so the evidence was inconclusive.Vitamin and mineral supplements and thyroid cancer: a systematic review.
- A review of 57 studies on micronutrients and thyroid hormones found trials did not confirm links between selenium, zinc and iron and iodine status, and concluded more research is needed; vitamin A was not singled out with a clear result.Micronutrients, iodine status and concentrations of thyroid hormones: a systematic review.
- A review of 67 studies on environmental factors and autoimmune thyroid disease linked vitamin D deficiency to the relationship and suggested vitamin D might help, but it did not test supplementation directly.Epidemiological and experimental evidence of environmental factor-related autoimmune thyroid disease: A systematic revie…
- A review of 51 studies on obesity before and during early pregnancy linked higher body weight to differences in thyroid hormones and vitamin B12, but it did not test vitamin B12 supplements for thyroid health.Periconceptional biomarkers for maternal obesity: a systematic review.
- A review of eight zinc supplementation studies and ten blood zinc studies found the evidence on whether zinc changes thyroid hormone levels inconclusive because results differed and came only from people with illness.Relation Between Zinc and Thyroid Hormones in Humans: a Systematic Review.
- A review of 13 trials in people with overweight or obesity found zinc raised free triiodothyronine, but this rested on one study in people with underactive thyroid and the overall effect on thyroid function could not be determined.The Effects of Zinc and Selenium Supplementation on Body Composition and Thyroid Function in Individuals with Overweight…
- A review of studies on trace elements and thyroid disease found few supplementation trials, but zinc supplementation lowered a marker of oxidative damage (malondialdehyde) in people with underactive thyroid.The Role of Selected Trace Elements in Oxidoreductive Homeostasis in Patients with Thyroid Diseases.
- In five cross-sectional studies, some found lower selenium in people with thyroid cancer and others found no difference, so the evidence is inconclusive and no selenium was given.Selenium and thyroid cancer: a systematic review.
- An overview of 6 systematic reviews covering 75 trials found selenium may lower thyroid antibodies at 3 and 6 months in autoimmune thyroiditis, but the certainty of evidence was low to very low.The Effects of Selenium Supplementation in the Treatment of Autoimmune Thyroiditis: An Overview of Systematic Reviews.
- In 25,871 older adults taking 2000 IU of vitamin D daily for a median of 5.3 years, autoimmune diseases (including autoimmune thyroid disease, not reported separately) were 22% less frequent than with placebo.Vitamin D and marine omega 3 fatty acid supplementation and incident autoimmune disease: VITAL randomized controlled tri…
- In pregnant women with thyroid antibodies, 200 mcg of selenomethionine daily during pregnancy and after birth reduced the rate of postpartum thyroid dysfunction (28.6% vs 48.6% with placebo) and permanent hypothyroidism.The influence of selenium supplementation on postpartum thyroid status in pregnant women with thyroid peroxidase autoant…
- In 491 older Danes followed for five years, selenium yeast at 100 to 300 mcg daily slightly lowered TSH and free T4 versus placebo, with no effect on free T3, and the authors do not recommend it for marginal deficiency.Does selenium supplementation affect thyroid function? Results from a randomized, controlled, double-blinded trial in a …
- In 438 pregnant Gambian women, a multivitamin with iodine improved iodine status and lowered thyroglobulin versus iron and folic acid, but thyroid hormone tests did not differ; folate was not tested alone.Effects of an Iodine-Containing Prenatal Multiple Micronutrient on Maternal and Infant Iodine Status and Thyroid Functio…
- In 430 people with newly diagnosed Graves' hyperthyroidism, 200 mcg of selenium daily for 24 to 30 months alongside standard drugs did not increase remission or improve quality of life compared with placebo.Selenium supplementation in individuals with newly diagnosed Graves' hyperthyroidism: a double-blind, multi-centre RCT.
- In 404 South African children aged 5 to 14 with low vitamin A and iodine, a 200,000 IU vitamin A dose given at the start and at 3 months over 6 months lowered thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroglobulin and thyroid size when given without iodine, compared with placebo.Vitamin A supplementation in iodine-deficient African children decreases thyrotropin stimulation of the thyroid and redu…
- In 377 iodine-deficient Moroccan schoolchildren given salt with iodine as potassium iodide plus iron for 9 months, thyroid size and urinary iodine improved in both the iron-added and iodine-only salt groups, so the iron did not change the thyroid benefit.Dual fortification of salt with iodine and microencapsulated iron: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial in Moroc…
- In 368 healthy older UK adults, taking high-selenium yeast for 6 months raised blood selenium but did not change thyroid hormone levels compared with placebo.Randomized controlled trial of the effect of selenium supplementation on thyroid function in the elderly in the United K…
- In 324 Tibetan children with Kashin-Beck disease, selenium supplementation for 12 months did not change joint symptoms, growth or thyroid function compared with placebo once iodine deficiency was corrected.Selenium and iodine supplementation of rural Tibetan children affected by Kashin-Beck osteoarthropathy.
- In 278 adults with Graves' disease taking 2800 IU of vitamin D daily for up to 3 years, vitamin D did not improve remission; failure was 42% with vitamin D versus 32% with placebo.Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Graves' Disease: The DAGMAR Trial.
- In 230 pregnant women in the UK with mild iodine deficiency, 60 mcg of selenium daily until delivery did not lower thyroid antibodies more than placebo, though it tended to change thyroid function in women who had thyroid antibodies.Effect of low-dose selenium on thyroid autoimmunity and thyroid function in UK pregnant women with mild-to-moderate iodi…
- In 196 people with autoimmune thyroiditis and mild underactive thyroid, 83 mcg of selenomethionine daily for four months restored normal thyroid function in 31% of those taking it, compared with 3% of controls.Selenium supplementation could restore euthyroidism in subclinical hypothyroid patients with autoimmune thyroiditis.
- In 180 pregnant women with mild iodine deficiency, 100 mcg of potassium iodide daily until term reduced thyroid stimulation and limited thyroid growth compared with placebo, and newborns had normal thyroid volume.A randomized trial for the treatment of mild iodine deficiency during pregnancy: maternal and neonatal effects.
- In 175 infants with Down syndrome given folinic acid, thyroxine, both or placebo for 12 months, development scores fell similarly in all groups with no benefit over placebo.Thyroid hormone and folinic acid in young children with Down syndrome: the phase 3 ACTHYF trial.
- In 170 women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, a 6-month course of selenomethionine reduced immune cell release of inflammatory cytokines and lowered C-reactive protein compared with placebo, with the strongest effect when combined with a med.Read the study on PubMed (21508145) →
- In 168 people with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and mildly raised thyroid-stimulating hormone, adding myo-inositol to selenium for six months lowered thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid antibodies and raised free thyroxine more than selenium alone.Myo-inositol plus selenium supplementation restores euthyroid state in Hashimoto's patients with subclinical hypothyroid…
- In 164 people with cirrhosis given vitamin D for one year, thyroid-stimulating hormone and free T4 did not change compared with placebo, though vitamin D levels rose.Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Vitamin D Level and Bone Mineral Density in Patients With Cirrhosis: A Randomized…
- In 158 iodine-deficient children given salt with iodine as potassium iodate plus iron for 10 months, thyroid volume and urinary iodine improved in both groups, so adding iron made no difference to the thyroid result.Dual fortification of salt with iodine and micronized ferric pyrophosphate: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial…
- In 148 people having thyroid cancer surgery with neck dissection, calcium plus vitamin D cut symptomatic low calcium to 2.0% from 26.0% with no supplements.Prevention of postoperative hypocalcemia with routine oral calcium and vitamin D supplements in patients with differenti…
- In 140 older adults with sarcopenia, adding vitamin D to heat therapy and resistance exercise lowered inflammatory markers and raised thyroid hormone levels more than exercise and heat therapy alone.The effects of vitamin D combined with thermotherapy and resistance exercise on inflammatory factors, thyroid hormones a…
- In 138 Moroccan children with goiter and low vitamin A using iodized salt, 200,000 IU of vitamin A at start and 5 months over 10 months reduced thyroglobulin, thyroid-stimulating hormone and goiter rate compared with placebo.The effects of vitamin A deficiency and vitamin A supplementation on thyroid function in goitrous children.
- In 134 adults with autoimmune thyroiditis, 200 mcg of selenium yeast daily for 6 months lowered thyroid antibody levels, and antibodies fell in 52 of the 77 people who took it.[Effects of selenium supplementation on antibodies of autoimmune thyroiditis].
- In 113 children with Down syndrome given folinic acid for 12 months, the full analysis showed no benefit, but a per-protocol analysis of 87 children showed better development, especially in those also taking thyroxine.Effect of leucovorin (folinic acid) on the developmental quotient of children with Down's syndrome (trisomy 21) and infl…
- In 112 mildly iodine-deficient adults, 150 mcg of iodine as potassium iodate daily for 24 weeks lowered thyroglobulin by 27% compared with placebo, with no change in thyroid-stimulating hormone or free thyroxine.Iodine Supplementation of Mildly Iodine-Deficient Adults Lowers Thyroglobulin: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
- In 102 people with autoimmune thyroiditis, 500 mg of vitamin C daily for 3 months lowered thyroid antibody levels within the group, but there was no significant difference compared with placebo, and thyroid stimulating hormone did not change.Effects of selenium and vitamin C on the serum level of antithyroid peroxidase antibody in patients with autoimmune thyr…
- In 100 older New Zealanders aged 60 to 80, 100 mcg of selenium daily for 3 months raised selenium and antioxidant enzyme levels but did not change thyroid hormone levels compared with placebo.Selenium and iodine supplementation: effect on thyroid function of older New Zealanders.
- In 90 people with heart disease living at altitude, 6 months of selenium plus vitamin E (42 people) lowered raised thyroid hormone levels back to normal in about 74% of them, but vitamin E was not tested on its own, so its separate effect is unclear.[Influence of oral sodium selenite and vitamin E on thyroid hormones in patients with cardiovascular disease at altitude…
- In 90 people with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 6 months of selenious yeast tablets lowered thyroid antibodies and TSH compared with no treatment; the dose was not stated in the abstract.Effect of selenium on thyroid autoimmunity and regulatory T cells in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: A prospectiv…
- In 90 pregnant women, 225 mcg of potassium iodide daily from early pregnancy to 8 weeks after delivery lowered thyroglobulin late in pregnancy and thyroid-stimulating hormone after delivery, and caused no harm to thyroid function, though thyroid growth differences were small.The Effects of Iodine Supplementation in Pregnancy on Iodine Status, Thyroglobulin Levels and Thyroid Function Parameter…
- In 89 people with thyroid cancer given radioactive iodine treatment, those taking vitamin E showed better left parotid gland excretion function a month later, though other salivary gland measures were unchanged or worse and the dose was not stated.Effect of vitamin E and supragingival scaling on salivary gland function in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer …
- In 88 healthy adults over 65, 4 months of vitamin E at 60, 200 or 800 IU a day did not change thyroid hormones or thyroid antibodies compared with placebo.Assessment of the safety of supplementation with different amounts of vitamin E in healthy older adults.
- In 88 women with autoimmune thyroiditis, 200 micrograms of selenium daily for 3 months cut thyroid antibody levels by about 26 percent, while placebo caused no change; lower doses of 100 micrograms gave weaker results.Selenium treatment in autoimmune thyroiditis: 9-month follow-up with variable doses.
- In 86 adults with underactive thyroid, 25,000 IU vitamin A twice weekly with zinc and magnesium for 10 weeks raised free thyroxine and lowered an inflammation marker compared with placebo, with no change in thyroid-stimulating hormone.Randomized Study of the Effects of Zinc, Vitamin A, and Magnesium Co-supplementation on Thyroid Function, Oxidative Stre…
- In 84 women, 25,000 IU of vitamin A daily for 4 months lowered thyroid-stimulating hormone in both obese and non-obese women and raised T3, while total T4 fell.The effect of vitamin A supplementation on thyroid function in premenopausal women.
- In 82 people with thyroid cancer given radioactive iodine, vitamin E at 100 to 300 mg a day from 1 week before to 4 weeks after treatment protected the salivary glands better than no vitamin E; thyroid function itself was not measured.Radioprotective effect of vitamin E on salivary glands after radioiodine therapy for differentiated thyroid cancer: a ra…
- In 80 postmenopausal women with or without type 2 diabetes, 6 weeks of hormone therapy with vitamin C and E did not significantly change free thyroxine or triiodothyronine levels.Effects of hormone replacement therapy with vitamin C and E supplementation on plasma thyroid hormone levels in postmeno…
- In 80 adults with benign cold thyroid nodules, potassium iodide at 2 mg every 2 weeks for 1 year shrank nodules by 23% on average (not clearly significant), and 5 of 25 had a 50% or greater reduction, whereas untreated nodules grew slightly.Read the study on PubMed (7985890) →
- In 77 adults with high cholesterol taking Brazil nut flour providing about 227 mcg of selenium daily for 90 days, total cholesterol fell, but this was not different from the placebo group, and thyroid health was not measured as an improvement.Intake of partially defatted Brazil nut flour reduces serum cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic patients--a randomized c…
- In 75 adults with type 2 diabetes given 1000 IU of vitamin D daily in a yogurt drink for 12 weeks, thyroid antibodies and thyroid-stimulating hormone fell only when calcium was added, while vitamin D alone raised resting metabolic rate without changing thyroid measures.Daily intake of yogurt drink fortified either with vitamin D alone or in combination with added calcium causes a thyroid…
- In 71 children and adolescents with autoimmune thyroiditis, 200 mcg of selenium daily for 6 months lowered one thyroid antibody more than placebo, but the other antibody did not differ significantly.l-selenomethionine supplementation in children and adolescents with autoimmune thyroiditis: A randomized double-blind pl…
- In 70 adults with autoimmune thyroiditis, 200 mcg of selenium daily for 3 months lowered thyroid antibody levels compared with placebo, while thyroid hormone levels did not change.Selenium supplementation in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis decreases thyroid peroxidase antibodies concentrations.
- In 70 people with untreated Graves' hyperthyroidism, 300 mcg of selenite daily for 24 weeks added to methimazole did not change response or relapse rates compared with placebo.Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Trial of Selenium in Graves Hyperthyroidism.
- In 69 thyroid cancer patients given radioactive iodine, vitamin E with vitamin C improved the function of one parotid salivary gland, with no placebo group and no thyroid outcomes; selenium groups showed more gland improvements.Effects of postoperative antioxidants on the salivary glands in patients with thyroid cancer undergoing radioactive iodi…
- In 68 overweight or obese women with underactive thyroid, 12 weeks of zinc alone or with selenium raised some thyroid hormones (free T3, and free T4 with lower TSH when combined with selenium), but there were no significant differences between groups for most measures.Effects of Zinc and Selenium Supplementation on Thyroid Function in Overweight and Obese Hypothyroid Female Patients: A …
- In 68 people on hemodialysis, 200 mcg of selenium daily for 12 weeks lowered reverse T3 compared with placebo, but did not change free T3, free T4 or TSH.Effects of Selenium and/or N-Acetyl-Cysteine Supplementation on Nonthyroidal Illness Syndrome in Hemodialysis Patients: …
- In 62 very low birth weight infants, adding trace elements to fortified human milk raised zinc intake, but zinc deficiency was rare and the abstract reports no thyroid result.Nutrition of very low birth weight infants fed human milk with or without supplemental trace elements: a randomized cont…
- In 61 euthyroid women with thyroid antibodies, 200 mcg of selenite daily for 6 months raised selenium levels but did not change antibody levels, thyroid-stimulating hormone or quality of life compared with placebo.Selenite supplementation in euthyroid subjects with thyroid peroxidase antibodies.
- In 60 newborns, clamping the cord at 60 seconds instead of within 10 seconds was linked to fewer low thyroid hormone values and fewer low vitamin B12 values; vitamin B12 was not given as a supplement.Effect of cord clamping time on neonatal vitamin B12, folate and urinary iodine concentration.
- In 60 people with overt Graves disease, adding a combined L-carnitine and selenium supplement to methimazole brought antibody levels to normal sooner and lowered methimazole needs, but thyroid hormone levels did not differ from methimazole alone.Adding L-Carnitine and Selenium to Methimazole in Graves' Disease: A Prospective Randomized Trial on Thyroid Markers and…
- In 60 people with Graves' disease, adding potassium bromide (3 g a day) to methimazole for one month brought thyroid hormones back to normal in 93% (28 of 30) versus 37% (5 of 30) with methimazole alone, and symptoms improved about 10 days sooner.Short-term effects of combined treatment with potassium bromide and methimazole in patients with Graves' disease.
- In 57 people with Graves' disease on methimazole, an antioxidant mix with beta-carotene, vitamins C and E and selenium over 60 days helped them reach normal thyroid function faster than the drug alone.Supplementation with antioxidants in the treatment of Graves' disease; the effect on glutathione peroxidase activity and…
- In 55 people with Graves' disease taking methimazole, adding an antioxidant mix (vitamins C and E, beta-carotene and selenium) for 60 days helped them reach normal thyroid function faster than methimazole alone.The effect of antioxidant supplementation on superoxide dismutase activity, Cu and Zn levels, and total antioxidant stat…
- In 55 adults with thyroid autoimmunity, 200 mcg of selenomethionine daily for 6 months lowered thyroid antibody levels, while placebo did not.A randomized-controlled, double-blind study of the impact of selenium supplementation on thyroid autoimmunity and inflam…
- In 50 healthy volunteers, 10 potassium iodide iontophoresis treatments of the throat did not change thyroid hormone levels compared with galvanization alone over 2 weeks to 6 months, and levels stayed normal.The effect of galvanization and potassium iodide iontophoresis of the throat and larynx on thyroid parameters: a randomi…
- In 49 women with iron deficiency, 60 days of a multi-nutrient supplement containing vitamin E improved blood iron and ferritin; thyroid hormones were measured but no thyroid effect was reported.[Effect of treatment with a food supplement (containing: selected sea fish cartilage, vitamin C, vitamin E, folic acid, …
- In 49 children with autoimmune thyroiditis, 12 months of sodium selenite at 100 or 200 mcg daily, added to a med, did not lower thyroid peroxidase antibodies.Selenium supplementation does not decrease thyroid peroxidase antibody concentration in children and adolescents with au…
- In 48 healthy college-aged men, 200 mg of caffeine daily for 7 days did not lower thyroid stimulating hormone; only the 500 mg dose of the other supplement (alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine) lowered it compared with the other treatments.Evaluation of the effects of two doses of alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine on physical and psychomotor performance.
- In 47 adults with autoimmune thyroiditis, 200 mcg of selenium daily lowered thyroid antibodies over 3 months, and antibodies rose again when selenium was stopped in the follow-up phase.Selenium in the treatment of autoimmune thyroiditis.
- In 45 women with thyroiditis in pregnancy, 83 mcg of selenium daily lowered thyroid autoantibodies compared with placebo, with antibodies rebounding in the placebo group after delivery.Selenium supplementation in the management of thyroid autoimmunity during pregnancy: results of the "SERENA study", a ra…
- In 44 women with mildly underactive thyroid, 50,000 IU of vitamin D weekly for 12 weeks lowered thyroid-stimulating hormone and total cholesterol compared with placebo, while other thyroid hormones did not differ.Effects of vitamin D supplementation on metabolic parameters, serum irisin and obesity values in women with subclinical …
- In 42 women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 50,000 IU of vitamin D weekly for 3 months reduced thyroglobulin antibody and thyroid-stimulating hormone versus baseline, but the drop in thyroid peroxidase antibody was not significant versus placebo and T3 and T4 did not change.Can Supplementation with Vitamin D Modify Thyroid Autoantibodies (Anti-TPO Ab, Anti-Tg Ab) and Thyroid Profile (T3, T4, …
- In 42 newly diagnosed Graves' disease patients, adding selenium and vitamin D to standard antithyroid medicine for about 270 days lowered thyroid hormone levels faster and improved quality of life compared with medicine alone.Add-On Effect of Selenium and Vitamin D Combined Supplementation in Early Control of Graves' Disease Hyperthyroidism Dur…
- In 41 critically ill sepsis patients, selenium given for 2 weeks improved outcomes and restored selenium levels, but did not directly change free or total thyroid hormone levels compared with placebo.Selenium substitution has no direct effect on thyroid hormone metabolism in critically ill patients.
- In 40 people, a hydration drink that also contained vitamin C caused no meaningful change in safety or thyroid hormone measures compared with placebo over 4 weeks, though one thyroid hormone showed a statistically significant main effect.Randomized Trial to Assess the Safety and Tolerability of Daily Intake of an Allulose Amino Acid-Based Hydration Beverag…
- In women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis taking a med, weekly vitamin D (50,000 IU cholecalciferol) for 3 months raised vitamin D levels, and inflammatory markers fell in both the vitamin D and placebo groups, so the drop was not shown to be due to vitamin D.Read the study on PubMed (36243929) →
- In 40 children with autoimmune thyroid disease, 12 weeks of 25 mg daily elemental zinc did not change thyroid antibodies, thyroid tests or oxidative stress, but children given zinc needed no increase in a med dose, while the standard-therapy group did.Effect of daily zinc supplementation for 12 weeks on serum thyroid auto-antibody levels in children and adolescents with…
- In 40 critically ill septic patients, high-dose selenium for 3 days raised blood selenium and antioxidant enzyme levels but did not reduce oxidative damage, and thyroid test results were not reported as improved.Effect of selenium supplementation on biochemical markers and outcome in critically ill patients.
- In 40 people with Graves' disease and mild active eye involvement, a Mediterranean diet providing about 178 mcg of selenium daily for 24 weeks improved eye symptom scores compared with a free diet, but thyroid function did not differ between groups.Mediterranean diet, selenium and Graves' ophthalmopathy: a prospective, randomized, single-center study.
- In 40 adults with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 200 mcg of selenium from enriched yeast for 60 days significantly lowered a blood marker of oxidative stress, but thyroid antibody and hormone levels did not change significantly compared with placebo.Effect of Selenomethionine- Enriched Yeast on Hypothyroidism Patients.
- In people with hyperthyroidism and high blood calcium, adding 800 to 1,200 IU daily of vitamin D3 to standard treatment lowered thyroid hormone and thyroid antibody levels more than the antithyroid drug methimazole alone.Prevalence of hyperthyroidism with hypercalcemia in Xindu district and the efficacy of vitamin D3 treatment in these pat…
- In 36 thyroid cancer patients given radioactive iodine, 800 IU a day of vitamin E from 1 week before to 4 weeks after treatment helped protect salivary gland function compared with placebo; thyroid function itself was not measured.Does vitamin E protect salivary glands from I-131 radiation damage in patients with thyroid cancer?
- In 36 people with autoimmune thyroiditis, 200 mcg of sodium selenite daily for 3 months did not lower thyroid antibodies or change immune cytokine patterns compared with placebo.No immunological benefit of selenium in consecutive patients with autoimmune thyroiditis.
- In a placebo-controlled trial of 36 elderly nursing home residents, selenium raised selenium levels and lowered thyroxine, while placebo changed nothing.Low selenium status in the elderly influences thyroid hormones.
- In women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, weekly vitamin D (50,000 IU cholecalciferol) for 3 months lowered the Th17/Tr1 immune cell ratio, but most other immune cell levels did not change compared with placebo.Effects of vitamin D supplements on frequency of CD4+ T-cell subsets in women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a double-bli…
- In 32 healthy older adults, 800 mg a day of vitamin E for 30 days did not change thyroid hormone levels compared with placebo.Assessment of the safety of high-dose, short-term supplementation with vitamin E in healthy older adults.
- In 31 severely injured patients, adding 150 mg of vitamin E and zinc to 500 mcg of selenium for 5 days gave no extra change in thyroid hormones beyond selenium alone.Influence of selenium supplements on the post-traumatic alterations of the thyroid axis: a placebo-controlled trial.
- In 30 people with mild Graves' orbitopathy, 100 mcg selenium taken twice daily for 6 months reduced eye disease activity compared with placebo.Oral selenium improved the disease activity in patients with mild Graves' orbitopathy.
- In 30 overweight women on a low-calorie diet for 8 weeks, mineral tablets containing potassium and other phosphates kept blood triiodothyronine levels from dropping compared with placebo, and raised resting metabolic rate.Phosphate supplementation prevents a decrease of triiodothyronine and increases resting metabolic rate during low energy…
- In 29 people with multiple sclerosis, 12 weeks of a histamine and caffeine blend was well tolerated with no laboratory abnormalities reported, including thyroid stimulating hormone tests, but thyroid function was only checked for safety and no thyroid benefit was reported.A double-blind pilot study of the effect of Prokarin on fatigue in multiple sclerosis.
- In 28 overweight or obese adults on a calorie-restricted diet, 8 weeks of 25 mg daily zinc gluconate plus selenium did not change thyroid function compared with placebo.The Effects of Zinc and Selenium Co-Supplementation on Resting Metabolic Rate, Thyroid Function, Physical Fitness, and F…
- In 25 infants with congenital hypothyroidism, mild high blood calcium during thyroxine treatment was linked to vitamin D supplementation.Hypercalcemia in infants with congenital hypothyroidism and its relation to vitamin D and thyroid hormones.
- In 25 people with inactive moderate to severe Graves' eye disease, 200 micrograms of selenium daily for six months widened the eyelid opening more than placebo, with no significant change in eye movement or quality of life.Selenium supplementation in inactive moderate to severe Graves' orbitopathy patients: a randomized controlled trial.
- In 14 patients with overactive thyroid goiter, potassium iodide solution or iopanoic acid for 7 to 15 days lowered thyroid hormone levels before surgery, with iodine reducing thyroid enzyme activity.Effect of iodine or iopanoic acid on thyroid Ca2+/NADPH-dependent H2O2-generating activity and thyroperoxidase in toxic …
- In 13 healthy volunteers, six months of daily potassium perchlorate at 0.5 or 3 mg had no effect on thyroid hormones, thyroid iodine uptake, or thyroglobulin compared with placebo.Effects of six months of daily low-dose perchlorate exposure on thyroid function in healthy volunteers.
- In 12 underactive thyroid patients needing high-dose a med, 1 g vitamin C daily for 16 weeks improved symptom scores and lowered thyroid stimulating hormone more than placebo after adjustment, but the very small size and baseline imbalances limit conclusions.Read the study on PubMed (41210509) →
- In a single-dose study of 12 healthy adults, a zinc-bound form of liothyronine (50 mcg) produced a lower but longer-lasting rise in blood T3 than standard liothyronine, with no tested health outcome.Extended Absorption of Liothyronine from Poly-Zinc-Liothyronine: Results from a Phase 1, Double-Blind, Randomized, and C…
- In 11 healthy men on a high-selenium diet of 297 mcg daily for about 17 weeks, blood thyroid hormone T3 fell and TSH rose compared with the low-selenium diet, along with lower sperm motility.Effects of dietary selenium on sperm motility in healthy men.
- In seven competitive cyclists, 22 mg of zinc daily for 30 days did not change thyroid hormone levels, although insulin rose later on.Plasma zinc, copper, and serum thyroid hormones and insulin levels after zinc supplementation followed by placebo in com…
- In a placebo-controlled trial of schoolchildren in India, a daily micronutrient-fortified drink for 14 months significantly changed thyroid-stimulating hormone compared with placebo, alongside improvements in vitamin D and other nutrients; this was a multi-nutrient product, so the vitamin D effect cannot be isolated.Effect of micronutrient supplement on health and nutritional status of schoolchildren: biochemical status.
- In hypothyroid newborns, giving vitamin D during the first 3 months of thyroxine treatment raised the rate of high blood calcium to 70%, compared with 21% in those not given vitamin D.[Prophylaxis of vitamin D deficiency in hypothyroidism in the newborn infant].
- In people with newly diagnosed Graves' disease taking anti-meds, nine months of 2,800 IU daily vitamin D reduced muscle strength gains and quality-of-life improvement compared with placebo.Effects of Supplemental Vitamin D on Muscle Performance and Quality of Life in Graves' Disease: A Randomized Clinical Tr…
- In men with type 2 diabetes on a 5-week high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet, thyroid hormones and vitamin B12 levels were unchanged; vitamin B12 was not given as a supplement.The metabolic response to a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
- In a randomized trial of premature newborns born before 28 weeks, potassium iodide at 30 micrograms per kg daily for 42 days did not raise thyroid hormone levels, unlike the thyroid hormone treatment arms.Phase 1 trial of 4 thyroid hormone regimens for transient hypothyroxinemia in neonates of <28 weeks' gestation.
- In 110 people with Down's syndrome given zinc for about a year, thyroxine was lower and thyroid-stimulating hormone higher than before treatment, so thyroid function did not improve.Thyroid function and plasma immunoglobulins in subjects with Down's syndrome (DS) during ontogenesis and zinc therapy.
- In 108 people with endemic goitre, goitre size shrank over 6 months in all active treatment groups including potassium iodide but not with placebo, though 8 of 30 people given potassium iodide developed thyroid antibodies versus 1 of 22 not given it.Treatment of endemic goitre with iodine and thyroid hormones, alone or in combination. (Preliminary report).
- In 53 patients with mild underactive thyroid and 45 healthy people, vitamin C infused into the forearm artery normalized blood vessel dilation in patients but not in healthy people, suggesting oxidative stress from inflammation impairs vessel function; this was a short-term vessel test, not a supplement trial.Low-grade systemic inflammation causes endothelial dysfunction in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
- In 86 people with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 200 mcg selenomethionine daily for 3 or 6 months did not change anti-TPO antibodies but did lower anti-thyroglobulin antibodies.Selenomethionine treatment in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis: a prospective, quasi-randomised trial.
- In 40 people with Hashimoto's thyroiditis given 250 mcg of potassium iodide daily for about 4 months, 8 developed an underactive thyroid (7 mild) and 1 an overactive thyroid, compared with 1 of 43 untreated controls.Effect of small doses of iodine on thyroid function in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis residing in an area of mild…
- In 68 treatments of patients receiving radioactive iodine-lipiodol for liver cancer, 100 mg a day of potassium iodide from 2 days before to 2 weeks after lowered thyroid radioactive iodine uptake (0.23% vs 0.42%) and thyroid radiation dose (5.5 vs 11.9 Gy) compared with no potassium iodide.Thyroid uptake and radiation dose after (131)I-lipiodol treatment: is thyroid blocking by potassium iodide necessary?
- In 40 people with underactive thyroid and 26 controls, homocysteine was higher in underactive thyroid and was predicted by thyroid-stimulating hormone independent of vitamin B12; vitamin B12 was not given as a treatment.Homocysteine, hypothyroidism, and effect of thyroid hormone replacement.
- In 52 adults with low blood selenium given 10 to 40 micrograms of selenium daily for 20 weeks, thyroxine levels fell in the supplemented groups, but the drop differed from placebo only in the 10-microgram group.An estimation of selenium requirements for New Zealanders.
- In 52 schoolchildren in an iodine and selenium deficient area of Zaire, 50 mcg of selenium daily for 2 months lowered blood T4, free T4 and reverse T3 without changing T3 or TSH, so the effect on thyroid function was mixed.Effect of selenium supplementation on thyroid hormone metabolism in an iodine and selenium deficient population.
- In children with Down syndrome, zinc sulfate supplements restored plasma zinc, TSH and reverse T3 levels that had been abnormal, though the study duration was not stated.Modulation of the neuroendocrine system and immune functions by zinc supplementation in children with Down's syndrome.
- In 47 women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and low vitamin D, 4000 IU daily for 6 months lowered thyroid antibody levels, with a larger drop in women also taking selenomethionine, and thyroid hormone levels did not change.Selenomethionine potentiates the impact of vitamin D on thyroid autoimmunity in euthyroid women with Hashimoto's thyroid…
- In 46 head and neck cancer patients, nutritional counseling during radiotherapy was not shown to prevent underactive thyroid, and baseline thyroid-stimulating hormone and ferritin were the main predictors of it.The impact of nutritional counseling on thyroid disorders in head and neck cancer patients after (chemo)radiotherapy: re…
- In 44 newborns, selenium-enriched formula raised blood selenium over three months, but the abstract reports no thyroid result.Selenium status of New Zealand infants fed either a selenium supplemented or a standard formula.
- In 12 women with an underactive thyroid, a single 100,000 IU dose of vitamin D3 raised blood vitamin D less than in healthy women, and thyroid hormone replacement raised vitamin D levels; the study did not measure thyroid health improvement.Effect of vitamin D3 loading and thyroid hormone replacement therapy on the decreased serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level in…
- In 34 women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis on a med and normal vitamin D, 2000 IU daily of vitamin D for 6 months reduced thyroid antibody levels compared with women not taking vitamin D.Read the study on PubMed (28073128) →
- In 32 patients on antiepileptic drugs with low thyroid hormone, 30 days of pyridoxine, riboflavin and folic acid lowered homocysteine but did not change thyroid test results.Thyroid function during B-vitamin supplementation of patients on antiepileptic drugs.
- In 32 women taking 400 micrograms of selenium daily for 15 weeks while eating fish, blood arsenic rose with fish intake, and the link between arsenic and thyroid hormone balance changed with selenium, so the thyroid effect is unclear.Fish arsenic may influence human blood arsenic, selenium, and T4:T3 ratio.
- In 19 healthy college students, 14 took 600 mg of natural vitamin E daily for 12 weeks and 5 took placebo, and thyroid function tests did not change.Effects of elevated d-alpha(RRR)-tocopherol dosage in man.
- Niacin at 2 mg was used only as a comparison dose against intravenous TRH in schizophrenic patients, so this study does not measure niacin's own effect on thyroid health.Behavioral and endocrine responses of schizophrenic patients to TRH (protirelin).
- In a small study of 11 iron-depleted women, ascorbic acid supplementation had no significant effect on their responses to cold exposure, which included changes in thyroid hormone levels.Thermogenesis and thermoregulatory function of iron-deficient women without anemia.
- In healthy people given calcium by intravenous infusion, the thyroid-stimulating hormone response to a releasing hormone was reduced by 37%, and pretreatment with metoclopramide reversed this effect.Influence of metoclopramide on calcium inhibition of thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone.
- In healthy young and elderly people, 10 days of vitamin A (retinol, 50,000 IU a day) did not significantly change thyroid-stimulating hormone levels compared with placebo.Effects of vitamin A administration on serum thyrotropin concentrations in healthy human subjects.
- In Down syndrome children with low blood zinc, zinc sulfate supplementation for 6 months lowered TSH from about 4.0 to 2.6 mIU/mL, bringing it to levels similar to children with normal zinc.Zinc sulfate supplementation improves thyroid function in hypozincemic Down children.
- In 186 vitamin D deficient people with Hashimoto's thyroiditis on Crete, taking 1200 to 4000 IU of vitamin D3 daily for four months lowered anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies by 20.3% in an uncontrolled study; the drops in thyroglobulin antibodies and TSH were not significant.Is vitamin D related to pathogenesis and treatment of Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
- In 122 adults newly diagnosed with mild Graves disease, potassium iodide at 50 to 100 mg per day brought thyroid levels under control in about 58 percent of patients, and was judged safe.Therapeutic efficacy and limitations of potassium iodide for patients newly diagnosed with Graves' disease.
- In 80 women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 200 mcg selenium daily for 6 months lowered anti-TPO antibodies by about 21% over the year, with no placebo group.Effects of 12 months treatment with L-selenomethionine on serum anti-TPO Levels in Patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis…
- In 40 hemodialysis patients, eating one Brazil nut daily for three months raised selenium, free thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels, though triiodothyronine did not return to normal.EFFECT OF SELENIUM SUPPLEMENTATION VIA BRAZIL NUT (BERTHOLLETIA EXCELSA, HBK) ON THYROID HORMONES LEVELS IN HEMODIALYSIS…
- In 34 older adults over 6 months, a fruit, vegetable and berry powder that raised blood vitamin C was well tolerated and caused no thyroid-related safety problems, though a marker of protein damage fell before adjustment for baseline differences.Effects of a Commercial Fruit, Vegetable and Berry Juice Powder Concentrate on Metabolic Safety and Cardiovascular Healt…
- In 31 patients with underactive thyroid and gastritis, 500 mg vitamin C taken with a med for 2 months lowered thyroid stimulating hormone in all patients, normalized it in 55%, and raised thyroid hormone levels.Read the study on PubMed (24601693) →
- In 28 healthy adults taking 200 mcg of selenomethionine daily for about 28 months, thyroid hormone levels showed no clinically significant change.Effects of selenomethionine supplementation on selenium status and thyroid hormone concentrations in healthy adults.
- In 23 children with early autoimmune thyroiditis, 50 micrograms of selenium daily for 3 months did not change thyroid antibodies, but 35 percent of children had their thyroid shrink by 30 percent or more.Effects of selenium supplementation in the early stage of autoimmune thyroiditis in childhood: an open-label pilot study…
- In 21 people with early autoimmune thyroiditis, six months of myo-inositol with selenium lowered TSH and thyroid antibody levels, with no placebo group.Myo-inositol and selenium reduce the risk of developing overt hypothyroidism in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis.
- In 20 patients with amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis, 1000 mg per day of potassium perchlorate with methimazole for a month brought thyroid hormones to normal or significantly lower in 12 patients, and adding prednisolone helped the rest.A stepwise approach to the treatment of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis.
- In 10 sedentary young men, 4 weeks of oral zinc sulfate supplements prevented the drop in thyroid hormone levels that followed bicycle exercise, though zinc did not raise thyroid hormones at rest beyond the pre-supplement values.Effect of fatiguing bicycle exercise on thyroid hormone and testosterone levels in sedentary males supplemented with ora…
- In 10 people on hemodialysis, six months of oral sodium selenite raised free T3 and lowered TSH, with no placebo group.Thyroid function and plasma selenium in chronic uremic patients on hemodialysis treatment.
- In 9 people with an underactive thyroid, about 4 months of thyroxine replacement cleared fats from the blood faster after a meal containing vitamin A and lowered LDL cholesterol, though this study did not test vitamin A as a supplement.Thyroxine replacement therapy enhances clearance of chylomicron remnants in patients with hypothyroidism.
- In 9 healthy adults given potassium bicarbonate for 7 days in place of potassium chloride to neutralize dietary acid, thyroid hormone levels did not change significantly.Neutralization of Western diet inhibits bone resorption independently of K intake and reduces cortisol secretion in huma…
- In five people with high cholesterol taking about 2.6 grams of nicotinic acid daily for an average of 1.3 years, blood thyroid hormone levels dropped (total T4 by 21%, T3 by 13%) while they stayed in a normal thyroid state with no symptoms of an underactive thyroid.Nicotinic acid decreases serum thyroid hormone levels while maintaining a euthyroid state.
- In five people with a gene mutation affecting selenoprotein production, selenium supplements raised blood selenium but did not correct their abnormal thyroid function tests.Selenium supplementation fails to correct the selenoprotein synthesis defect in subjects with SBP2 gene mutations.
- In 2 volunteers, 10 g of calcium alginate taken with potassium iodide did not interfere with potassium iodide almost completely blocking radioactive iodine uptake by the thyroid.131I uptake in human thyroid after antidote treatment for mixed fission products contamination.
- In a non-randomized study of thyroid and parathyroid surgery patients with low vitamin D, weekly 50,000 IU vitamin D2 for 8 to 12 weeks raised vitamin D levels in most patients, but thyroid health itself was not measured.Vitamin D deficiency: a simple algorithm employing weekly administration of 50,000 IU of vitamin D.
- In a University of Southern California study, people who took colestipol combined with niacin for one year had lower total thyroxine and lower thyroxine-binding globulin levels, but they stayed essentially normal in thyroid function.Alterations in serum thyroid hormonal indices with colestipol-niacin therapy.
- In a large cohort of over 566,000 adults followed for years, dietary beta-carotene intake was not clearly associated with thyroid cancer risk.The association between selenium and other micronutrients and thyroid cancer incidence in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health S…
- In a Korean prospective cohort of 17754 adults followed to 2020, higher dietary manganese intake was linked to lower thyroid cancer risk (hazard ratio 0.64), and the protection appeared mainly in people with a particular inflammatory gene variant.Association of dietary manganese intake and the IL1R1 rs3917225 polymorphism with thyroid cancer risk: a prospective coh…
- In 9543 Chinese adults, higher blood manganese was nonlinearly linked to higher liver fibrosis risk, and higher triiodothyronine levels strengthened this manganese-related risk.Associations between Heavy Metals and Metalloids and Hepatic Fibrosis Risk in Chinese Adults: A Potential Modifying Effe…
- In 8,828 pregnant women, adequate vitamin D in early pregnancy was linked to higher free thyroxine and free triiodothyronine, and sufficient first-trimester with deficient second-trimester vitamin D was linked to lower thyroid-stimulating hormone.Associations between Dynamic Vitamin D Level and Thyroid Function during Pregnancy.
- In a large US survey of about 6,950 adults, higher vitamin B6 intake from diet was linked to lower total thyroxine levels, with the link strongest in men, people aged 60 to 80, and those who were overweight.Relationship between vitamin B6 intake and thyroid function in US adults: NHANES 2007-2012 results.
- In a survey of 5,878 US adults, higher vitamin C intake was linked to lower total thyroxine levels, with curved patterns for other thyroid hormone measures, so the effect on thyroid function is unclear.Association between vitamin C intake and thyroid function among U.S. adults: a population-based study.
- In 5,230 health-check adults, people with Hashimoto's thyroiditis had lower vitamin D levels than those without it, and lower vitamin D went with higher TSH and lower thyroid hormone levels; this association does not show cause.Correlation Between Hashimoto's Thyroiditis-Related Thyroid Hormone Levels and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D.
- In a large US national survey of 2,732 adults, dietary vitamin C intake was not significantly associated with risk of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, though higher omega-3 fat intake was linked to lower risk.Investigating the associations between dietary nutrient intake and risk of Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a cross-sectional st…
- In a survey of 2,582 US adults, low caffeine intake was linked to higher thyroid-stimulating hormone, while moderate intake (about 10 to 265 mg per day) was linked to lower levels in people with metabolic disorders, with the findings being inconsistent in direction.Relationship between caffeine intake and thyroid function: results from NHANES 2007-2012.
- In 2041 pregnant women at 12 weeks, those taking selenium, zinc and copper supplements were about 1.46 times less likely to have elevated thyroid peroxidase antibodies, though plasma selenium was negatively related to free thyroxine.Plasma mineral (selenium, zinc or copper) concentrations in the general pregnant population, adjusted for supplement int…
- In a cross-sectional survey of 2037 US adults, lower dietary folate intake was linked to higher odds of autoimmune thyroiditis; the abstract did not report a separate finding for vitamin B12 intake.Lower dietary folate intake increases the risk of autoimmune thyroiditis.
- In a large French cross-sectional study, higher selenium levels were linked to smaller thyroid volume and lower goiter risk in women, with no such link found in men.Association of selenium with thyroid volume and echostructure in 35- to 60-year-old French adults.
- In a Shanghai cohort of 1351 pregnant women, higher first-trimester exposure to a mix of trace elements including manganese was linked to higher third-trimester total triiodothyronine, with chromium the main contributor; manganese was not reported on its own.Effects of Maternal Trace Elements Exposure in Early Pregnancy on Maternal Thyroid Hormones and Birth Outcomes.
- In 1,207 adults aged 45 and older in Ireland, hypothyroidism and vitamin B12 deficiency were both linked to large red blood cells, and vitamin B12 deficiency affected 2.7 percent.Haematinic deficiency and macrocytosis in middle-aged and older adults.
- Vitamin D deficiency was more common in people with Hashimoto's and non-autoimmune hypothyroidism than in healthy controls in a study of 1,138 people in Iran.Vitamin D deficiency in non-autoimmune hypothyroidism: a case-control study.
- In 933 German patients with autoimmune thyroiditis, those whose vitamin D rose to 75 nmol/l or above over about two years saw their thyroid antibody levels fall by 25%, compared with a 9% fall in patients whose vitamin D stayed low; this was not a randomized trial.Vitamin D Status and Thyroid Autoantibodies in Autoimmune Thyroiditis.
- In a population study of 856 adults plus 16 volunteers given thyroid hormone, a thyroid hormone metabolite was not tied to classic thyroid function, while caffeine and its breakdown products were the strongest signal linked to coffee intake.A Thyroid Hormone-Independent Molecular Fingerprint of 3,5-Diiodothyronine Suggests a Strong Relationship with Coffee Me…
- Among 461 people with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and 176 healthy controls, vitamin D levels did not differ overall between the groups, though slightly lower levels were seen in people with overt hypothyroidism.Vitamin D and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: Observations from CROHT Biobank.
- In 608 people newly diagnosed with papillary thyroid cancer, urinary zinc levels were not reported as linked to tumor aggressiveness; men had higher zinc than women.Associations between essential microelements exposure and the aggressive clinicopathologic characteristics of papillary …
- In a cross-sectional study of 401 men, 301 infertile and 100 controls, infertile men had lower vitamin D levels, and men with azoospermia also had higher thyroid stimulating hormone than the other groups, suggesting abnormal thyroid function; no supplement was given.25-Hydroxy cholecalciferol, anti-Müllerian hormone, and thyroid profiles among infertile men.
- In a matched case-control study of 394 people, manganese levels were lower in people with thyroid tumors or goiter and showed a negative association with their risk, but this was an exposure study with no supplement given.A case-control study on the association of mineral elements exposure and thyroid tumor and goiter.
- In 387 middle-aged and older adults, red blood cell zinc was only weakly and negatively related to total T4 thyroid hormone levels.Basal metabolic rate and thyroid hormones of late-middle-aged and older human subjects: the ZENITH study.
- In 387 healthy men aged about 77, higher selenium status was linked to better bone mineral density but not to thyroid hormone levels.Selenium Status Is Positively Associated with Bone Mineral Density in Healthy Aging European Men.
- In 251 manganese-exposed welders compared with 100 office workers, higher cumulative manganese exposure was linked to higher thyrotropin-releasing hormone and lower dopamine levels, with raised prolactin.Effect of manganese exposure on the neuroendocrine system in welders.
- In 300 euthyroid people, low vitamin D was associated with a higher chance of thyroid autoimmunity, though this was a cross-sectional association and not a supplementation test.Latent autoimmune thyroid disease.
- In two Ohio towns, residents exposed to manganese in air were much more likely than unexposed residents to take medication for an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism), with an adjusted odds ratio of 7.03.Medication use associated with exposure to manganese in two Ohio towns.
- In 256 surgical patients, vitamin D levels and deficiency rates were similar whether or not they had lymphocytic (Hashimoto's) thyroiditis, so no link was found.Is Vitamin D Deficiency Associated with Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis?
- Pregnant women with iodine insufficiency had lower alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) levels than those with adequate iodine, with no change in thyroid stimulating hormone.Assessment of thyroid function, ioduria and oxidative stress in women in the first trimester of pregnancy.
- In 252 pregnant women with an underactive thyroid, having enough vitamin D during pregnancy was linked to better thyroid function up to a year after giving birth.Vitamin D categories and postpartum thyroid function in women with hypothyroidism.
- In a questionnaire survey of 232 Polish people with hypothyroidism, vitamin C was among the supplements commonly taken, but the survey did not measure whether it improved thyroid health.Dietary supplements in hypothyroidism.
- In 225 children living near a manganese alloy plant, higher manganese exposure was linked to higher prolactin and a non-linear pattern with luteinizing hormone, but manganese measures were not linked to thyroid stimulating hormone; no supplement was given.Manganese exposure and association with hormone imbalance in children living near a ferro-manganese alloy plant.
- Thyroid autoimmunity was more common in women with breast cancer than in controls, and thyroid autoimmunity did not affect survival, though higher serum selenium was linked to worse relapse-free survival.Thyroid autoimmunity occurs more frequently in women with breast cancer compared to women with colorectal cancer and con…
- In 200 people, blood selenium levels were similar in those with and without thyroid nodules, so no link between selenium and nodules was found.Serum Selenium Levels in Euthyroid Nodular Thyroid Diseases.
- In 190 people, those with autoimmune thyroid disease had more vitamin D deficiency than healthy controls, and low levels were linked to thyroid antibodies and abnormal thyroid tests; this was a cross-sectional study and cannot show cause.Vitamin D and autoimmune thyroid diseases.
- Women with chronic hair shedding had vitamin D and thyroid test levels similar to healthy controls.A comprehensive investigation of biochemical status in patients with telogen effluvium: Analysis of Hb, ferritin, vitami…
- In a blood metabolite comparison of 80 people with papillary thyroid cancer and 80 healthy controls, alpha-tocotrienol (a form of vitamin E) was higher in the cancer group. This was an association only and did not involve vitamin E supplementation.Serum Metabolomics Study of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Based on HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS.
- In 78 people with subclinical hypothyroidism and 75 healthy controls in Iraq, vitamin D levels were not linked to thyroid peroxidase antibody levels or thyroid peroxidase gene variants. No supplement was given.Thyroid Peroxidase and its Gene Variants as Diagnostic Markers in Subclinical Hypothyroidism: Evidence from a Duhok Case…
- In 143 workers exposed to manganese (52 welders, 48 smelters, 43 office workers), welders had lower thyroid-stimulating hormone than controls, while smelters had lower prolactin, testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone.Effect of manganese on neural endocrine hormones in serum of welders and smelters.
- A calcium tolerance test, used to measure calcitonin activity, was done in 34 healthy people and 103 people with thyroid disorders; the calcium-lowering response was significantly impaired in people with an overactive thyroid and in those whose thyroid was fully removed.Calcitonin activity assessed by calcium tolerance test in patients with thyroid disorders.
- In a retrospective review of 130 people having thyroid surgery, serum zinc levels did not differ significantly between those with papillary thyroid cancer and those with benign disease; copper was higher in the cancer group.Copper as ancillary diagnostic tool in preoperative evaluation of possible papillary thyroid carcinoma in patients with …
- In 126 people with thyroid cancer taking a med, bone loss over one year was greater in the early post-surgery period and in postmenopausal women, and was smaller in postmenopausal women who took calcium/vitamin D supplements.The effects of thyrotropin-suppressing therapy on bone metabolism in patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma…
- Women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis had vitamin D levels similar to healthy women, though vitamin D correlated with some metabolic measures.Assessment of Vitamin Concentrations in Patients with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis and Their Relationships with Thyroid Funct…
- Serum vitamin E tracked with lipid peroxides, and both were lower in malnourished people and people with thyroid disorders than in healthy adults.Serum vitamin E and lipid peroxides in malnutrition, hyper and hypothyroidism.
- A dietary survey of 103 schoolchildren in Adygea found insufficient intake of iodine, zinc, vitamin A and beta-carotene, and the authors concluded that low vitamin A and zinc intake may contribute to iodine deficiency and thyroid problems, but no supplement was tested.[Assessment of the structure and quality of nutrition as a factor that influences thyroid functional activity].
- In a cross-sectional study of 92 women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, higher dietary vitamin C intake was weakly linked to lower thyroid antibody levels (r = -0.22, p = 0.05), but this was one of several correlations and does not show cause and effect.Parallel investigation of oxidative stress and nutritional profile in women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
- In 90 patients with thyroid cancer, alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) was one of several metabolites that distinguished those with lymph node spread from those without.Gut microbiota and metabolite profiles in thyroid cancer lymph node metastasis: a multi-omics analysis.
- In people exposed to dioxins, thyroid disease was more common, but caffeine was only used as a test to measure liver enzyme activity, and that enzyme activity was not linked to thyroid disease.Cytochrome P450 1A2 activity and incidence of thyroid disease and cancer after chronic or acute exposure to dioxins.
- In 34 people with phenylketonuria or milder high phenylalanine and 42 healthy controls, blood alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) levels did not differ between groups, even though selenium was lower in the patients and thyroid hormone status was altered.Antioxidant and thyroid hormone status in selenium-deficient phenylketonuric and hyperphenylalaninemic patients.
- In a cross-sectional study of 36 vegans and 36 omnivores, folate levels were higher in vegans, and folate was not linked to thyroid health in the abstract; thyroid-stimulating hormone was only one of many biomarkers in a bone health pattern.Vegan Diet and Bone Health-Results from the Cross-Sectional RBVD Study.
- In 67 adults with an overactive or underactive thyroid, blood zinc levels showed no clear link to thyroid activity.Free amino acids, copper, iron and zinc composition in sera of patients with thyrometabolic diseases.
- In 31 children with congenital hypothyroidism on long-term thyroid hormone treatment, vitamin D levels were higher than in 29 healthy children, and bone breakdown was not increased.Congenital Hypothyroidism and Bone Remodeling Cycle.
- Vitamin D deficiency was common in both people with and without autoimmune thyroid disease, with no statistically significant difference between groups.Vitamin D deficiency in thyroid autoimmune diseases.
- In 20 people with an underactive thyroid, 20 with an overactive thyroid and 20 healthy controls, blood vitamin E was raised in the underactive group and returned to control levels after 2 months of treatment. Oxidative stress markers also fell with treatment in the overactive group. Vitamin E was not supplemented.The effect of hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and their treatment on parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant sta…
- This observational study of 58 overweight or obese adults did not test vitamin E as a treatment; it only found that people with food addiction reported higher intake of gamma-tocopherol, a form of vitamin E, and had lower TSH, a thyroid hormone, than those without food addiction.Hormonal and dietary characteristics in obese human subjects with and without food addiction.
- In 55 patients with amiodarone-induced overactive thyroid, a color ultrasound of the thyroid distinguished the two subtypes, but this diagnostic study did not test potassium treatment effects.Thyroid color flow doppler sonography and radioiodine uptake in 55 consecutive patients with amiodarone-induced thyrotox…
- In a study of 50 people, serum zinc was lower in thyroid cancer patients than in controls both before and after surgery, while zinc was higher in thyroid tissue; this study did not give zinc and so does not show an effect of zinc on thyroid health.Changes in the Serum Levels of Trace Elements Before and After the Operation in Thyroid Cancer Patients.
- LDL vitamin E was lower in hypothyroid patients than in healthy controls, while LDL oxidation was higher in both hyperthyroid and hypothyroid patients.Effect of thyroid function on LDL oxidation.
- In 47 women with polycystic ovary syndrome, higher manganese in red blood cells was linked to lower thyroid-stimulating hormone only in women with obesity, and no thyroid effect was reported for the other groups.Levels of Trace Elements in Erythrocytes as Endocrine Disruptors in Obese and Nonobese Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndr…
- In a cross-sectional study of 46 papillary thyroid cancer patients, higher vitamin E intake was linked to a lower rate of lymph node spread, though this does not prove vitamin E causes the benefit.Histopathological prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma associated with nutritional status of vitamins A and E.
- In a retrospective review of 45 Chinese adults admitted with thyrotoxic periodic paralysis, about one quarter had normal red blood cell zinc levels; this was not a zinc supplement study.Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis in a Chinese population.
- Women with thyroid gland disease had lower serum selenium levels than healthy controls, with the lowest levels in the hyperthyroid group.[Selenium concentration in serum of women with thyroid gland disease].
- In 20 people with overt hypothyroidism, serum vitamin E was higher than in controls and correlated with markers of oxidative stress.Association between thyroid hormones, lipids and oxidative stress biomarkers in overt hypothyroidism.
- In 28 adults taking 100 to 800 IU of vitamin E daily for about 3 years, blood tests of the thyroid gland showed no disturbance, though no placebo group was used.Megavitamin E supplementation in man.
- In 25 people with overactive or underactive thyroids, vitamin B12 malabsorption was found in only 2 underactive patients, and fat and sugar absorption problems were common.Malabsorption in thyroid dysfunctions.
- In a case series of 22 surgical patients with low vitamin C or thiamin and raised TSH, two patients died from scurvy, and no vitamin C treatment effect on thyroid function was studied.Hypothyroidism Complicated by Vitamin C and Thiamin Deficiency in Surgical Patients.
- In 20 adults with acquired hypothyroidism, vitamin D metabolites and calcium-phosphorus measures were normal, and bone changes were linked to slowed bone activity; no vitamin D was given.[Bone effects of hypothyroidism in adults. Apropos of 20 cases].
- Over about 96 days at sea in 17 crew members, blood alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) stayed stable during the first phase of hard work and a high-fat diet, while TSH rose. Vitamin E was not supplemented.Metabolic adaptation in the crew of the Hesperides on their Antarctic journey.
- In 9 adults with congenital underactive thyroid, calcitonin levels were low before and after a calcium stimulation test, and bone mineral content in the radius was about 10% lower than in age-matched controls.Calcitonin and bone mass status in congenital hypothyroidism.
- In patients with both diabetes and thyroid disorders, marked vitamin D3 deficiency was reported alongside disturbed blood sugar and mineral metabolism; the study does not give a clear sample size.[Mineral metabolism and metabolic markers in patients with concomitant endocrine disorders and vitamin D3 deficiency].
- Women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis had vitamin D levels similar to or higher than healthy controls, and no women with the condition were vitamin D deficient, so Hashimoto's was not linked to more deficiency.HASHIMOTO THYROIDITIS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY.
- In people with type 2 diabetes, correcting vitamin D deficiency did not change thyrotropin (TSH) levels, which were only slightly higher in those with deficiency.Vitamin D and thyrotropin in type 2 diabetic patients.
- This study tested a zinc measurement kit and found red blood cell zinc was lower in Graves' disease than in silent thyroiditis, helping tell the two apart; it did not test any supplement.Measurement of red blood cell zinc concentration with Zn-test kit: discrimination between hyperthyroid Graves' disease a…
- In a 1977 study, people with overactive thyroid excreted more zinc in urine than healthy people, and the extra loss tracked with how severe the thyroid-driven metabolic response was; no supplement was tested.Zinc metabolism and thyroid status.
- Hair trace element studies in people with goiter found that both too little and too much of several trace elements, including manganese, may contribute to thyroid disease, and local geology affects these levels.[Hair trace elements in patients with goiter].
- In this study of young women, serum manganese was higher in those with an overactive thyroid and lower in those with an underactive thyroid, compared with healthy women; no manganese supplement was given.Correlation of manganese with thyroid function in females having hypo- and hyperthyroid disorders.
- In a large US national health survey (2011-2012), higher blood manganese was linked to higher levels of one active thyroid hormone (T3), while iron and copper levels showed different links to thyroid hormone levels.Interacting effects of selected trace and toxic metals on thyroid function.
- Residents of a volcanic area with high thyroid cancer rates had about three times the urinary manganese of residents of control areas; no supplement was given.Increased thyroid cancer incidence in a basaltic volcanic area is associated with non-anthropogenic pollution and biocon…
- In Bryansk region groundwater, manganese exceeded hygiene standards in 36 percent of districts, but the thyroid disease link reported was mainly for low iodine, and no manganese-specific thyroid effect was reported.Chemical composition of groundwater used for drinking in conditions of natural deficiency of iodine and selenium and eva…
- Red blood cell manganese did not differ between adults with thyroid disease and healthy controls, though it correlated with thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels; no supplement was given.Zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium metabolism in thyroid disease.
- Workers exposed to manganese in their occupational environment had lower blood levels of thyroid hormones T3 and T4 and higher levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone than a control group.[Effect of occupational environment containing manganese on thyroid function].
- In a 1953 study of people from an area with endemic goitre in Argentina, one patient taking 1,500 micrograms of iodide daily developed an overactive thyroid after 32 days; this study concerned iodide, not potassium.Preliminary studies of iodine metabolism in patients from an area of endemic goitre.
- People with goiter had lower blood selenium and thyroid hormone levels than healthy controls, and the abstract does not report the effect of 6 months of selenium plus iodine supplementation.Effects of selenium supplementation on iodine and thyroid hormone status in a selected population with goitre in Pakista…
- In 50 children with biotinidase deficiency taking 5 to 20 mg of biotin daily, high biotin levels distorted thyroid stimulating hormone and other hormone blood tests run on one Roche assay system, so these lab results can mislead diagnosis, while removing the biotin from the sample corrected the error.Serum biotin interference: A troublemaker in hormone immunoassays.
- In 49 people with an underactive thyroid, 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D3 did not change TSH in those not on meds, but significantly raised basal TSH in those taking a med.[TSH secretion stimulated by thyroliberin in patients with hypothyroidism receiving 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D3].
- In 40 thyroid cancer patients receiving radioiodine, taking 1000 mg of vitamin E with vitamin C and selenium for 21 days beforehand reduced the rise in a blood marker of lipid peroxidation, with an average increase of 56% versus 112% in the group without supplements.Radioiodine-induced oxidative stress in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma and effect of supplementation wit…
- In 20 men with autoimmune thyroiditis and normal thyroid function, 6 months of 83 mcg daily selenium raised free thyroxine and improved sperm parameters, while the thyroid-stimulating hormone did not change significantly.Effects of Selenium Supplementation on Sperm Parameters and DNA-Fragmentation Rate in Patients with Chronic Autoimmune T…
- A single 300 mg intravenous dose of pyridoxine in 8 healthy people did not significantly change thyroid-stimulating hormone levels.Effect of pyridoxine on human hypophyseal trophic hormone release: a possible stimulation of hypothalamic dopaminergic p…
- In 7 healthy women, long-term pyridoxine did not change basal thyroid-stimulating hormone levels, though prolactin levels dipped slightly without statistical significance.Effect of pyridoxine on plasma levels of HGH, PRL, and TSH in normal women.
- In 6 people with amenorrhea-galactorrhea, 600 mg daily of oral pyridoxine for 3 to 4 months did not change thyroid-stimulating hormone levels or its response to releasing hormone.The effects of pyridoxine on pituitary hormone secretion in amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndromes.
- A single 300 mg intravenous dose of pyridoxine lowered thyroid-stimulating hormone in 6 people with hypothyroidism, but their thyroid hormone levels did not change.Suppression of thyrotropin (TSH) and prolactin (PRL) release by pyridoxine in chronic primary hypothyroidism.
- Five infants aged 8 to 11 months developed yellow skin from eating large amounts of carotene-rich foods, and their thyroid function tests were normal; stopping those foods cleared the yellow color, and the authors described the condition as benign.Benign carotenemia in children.
- This study compared ways of adding lab tests, including vitamin D and thyroid hormone tests, to diagnose deficiency and thyroid disorders. It did not test any vitamin D supplement's effect on thyroid health.Reflex and reflective testing: efficiency and effectiveness of adding on laboratory tests.
- In a study of how fast the thyroid hormone thyroxine is broken down in healthy adults, potassium iodide given as a single dose produced no detectable change in that rate.A new method for the measurement of acute alterations in thyroxine deiodination rate in man.
- A single oral 5 gram dose of taurine had no consistent effect on pituitary hormones measured in normal adults, so it did not change thyroid stimulating hormone levels.Stimulation of pituitary hormone secretion by neurotransmitter amino acids in humans.
- In rats (animal study, not human), taurine at 50 mg per kg daily for 16 weeks eased the thyroid hormone drop and thyroid tissue damage caused by chlorpyrifos and lead.Taurine ameliorated thyroid function in rats co-administered with chlorpyrifos and lead.
- In rats, a calcium dose similar to a normal meal raised blood calcium only in animals whose thyroid glands had been removed, while rats with intact thyroids showed little or no rise, suggesting a thyroid hormone called thyrocalcitonin protects against high blood calcium; this is an animal study and does not test thyroid health in people.Thyrocalcitonin: evidence for physiological function.
- In hypothyroid rats (animal study, not human), dietary taurine did not change high cholesterol but did restore the fecal excretion of bile acids that hypothyroidism had reduced.Improved suppression by dietary taurine of the fecal excretion of bile acids from hypothyroid rats.
- In rats (animal study, not human), taurine significantly reduced the rise in thyroid hormone and heart second-messenger levels caused by exhaustive swimming, which suggests it protected the heart from exercise damage.[Effect of taurine on thyroid hormone and second messenger in myocardium of rats after exhaustive exercise].
- In mice (animal study, not human), taurine at 150 mg per kg daily, given with arsenic in drinking water for 60 days, restored thyroid hormone receptor gene and protein levels in the brain that arsenic had lowered.Protective effect of taurine on down-regulated expression of thyroid hormone receptor genes in brains of mice exposed to…
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Biohacker Summary
Members Only0 of 10 recommend it
This drink mix has no single main ingredient in the panel's statements, so the group view rests on the smaller ingredients in this product, with vitamin D and caffeine drawing the most comment. Vitamin D got the most attention: most of the panel recommend or use it, citing general health, immune support, brain health, and healing, with doses mentioned from 5000 IU up to 10,000 IU daily, and one panelist advising taking it with dietary fat for better absorption. Caffeine was used by several for mood, vigor, and jet lag, while others suggested pairing it with L-theanine, stopping it earlier for sleep, or warned that it will not fix brain fog on its own, and one panelist came off it for a year. Zinc was recommended by a few for prostate, gut, and healing support, vitamin C was recommended for collagen and skin, and potassium was used by one for workouts while another preferred getting it from food rather than supplements.
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Dr. Eric Berg · Vitamin D · warns
- Dr. Berg warns that the recommended daily intake for vitamin D is based on a massive error and that the actual necessary amount is closer to 8,895 IU, with millions remaining deficient.
- Recommends getting vitamin D levels tested to ensure they are between 50 and 70, as vitamin D is intimately involved in regulating prostate size.
- Recommends ensuring sufficient zinc intake because the prostate needs enough zinc for the conversion from testosterone to DHT to be smooth and optimized.
- Recommends taking at least 10,000 IUs of vitamin D3 every single day in the winter, stating it is the most important vitamin to lower cancer risk.
- Recommends vitamin D to support the immune system, aiming for blood levels between 80 to 100 ng per ml.
- States that people need more potassium than any other mineral, yet most people aren’t getting enough.
- Explains that potassium is essential for peristalsis, the pumping action through the colon, and without it, things can sit there, leading to constipation.
- Mentions that lemon is loaded with vitamin C, and when combined with coffee, vitamin C significantly increases the bioavailability of antioxidants in the coffee.
- Recommends taking no less than 10,000 IU's of vitamin D3 for osteoporosis, alongside magnesium and K2.
- Recommends increasing vitamin D to restore balance and support healthy blood pressure.
- Explains that the normal requirements for potassium are 4,700 mg every single day, and that very few people get half of that amount. They describe potassium's role in the sodium potassium pump, which is essential for cellular electricity, muscle contraction, and heart function. Deficiency can lead to tiredness, muscle cramps, heart palpitations, or rising blood pressure.
- Recommends increasing potassium to restore balance and support healthy blood pressure.
- Dr. Berg states that Vitamin C helps fight biofilms and is essential for making collagen in gums, teeth, and capillaries.
- Warns that bone loss cannot be fixed with just calcium, as bone is primarily collagen with other essential minerals.
Dave Asprey · Vitamin D · uses
- Takes Vitamin DAKE from Suppgrade Labs.
- Loves coffee, has the caffeine molecule tattooed on his arm, drinks it every morning, and says it does amazing things for your brain and for how long you can live, but it can't clear most brain fog on its own.
- Suggests that vitamin D supports brain health, muscle function, and focus.
- Recommends taking vitamin C for better skin health.
- Created Danger Coffee, a mineral-enriched, lab-tested, mold-free coffee that delivers rich flavor and clean caffeine without all the junk, and recommends it to others.
- Dave Asprey's lab proved that caffeine is a flow hack and the only known substance to actually make you flow prone. Coffee will make you more flow prone.
- States that folate can affect how the body responds to a supplement.
- Dave explains why the 1:2 ratio of caffeine to L-theanine beats coffee alone for working memory, accuracy, and calm, sustained concentration.
- Host Dave Asprey explains why correcting a vitamin D deficiency still makes sense for male fertility, even though supplementation did not improve overall semen parameters in a randomized trial.
- States that currently, he is only taking vitamin C and vitamin D.
- States that currently, he is only taking vitamin C and vitamin D.
- Dave Asprey's kids get a little bit of vitamin E every day, which helps to stabilize the bad oils they get when eating at restaurants.
- Developed a nonnano zinc sunscreen over five years, stating her skin is probably better now than it's ever been.
- States that his entire career started on caffeine and he uses it every morning, but notes it's like a loan from your future self, leading to an afternoon crash.
Siim Land · Vitamin D · recommends
- Advises against taking vitamin D in the morning with other supplements because it is fat soluble and requires dietary fat for better absorption.
- Recommends taking Vitamin D with fat for better absorption.
- Recommends taking vitamin C with collagen to support joint collagen synthesis.
- Recommends stopping caffeine earlier to improve sleep.
- States that Vitamin D connects biology to light and that UVB reaching the skin enables its production.
- Notes that polyphenolic compounds in coffee, both decaf and regular caffeinated, can influence cellular stress pathways and have been seen to increase autophagy activity in mice, with regular coffee appearing more potent due to caffeine's additional energetic stress.
- States that vitamin C is needed for initiating collagen synthesis and that higher vitamin C intake appears to increase vitamin C content in the skin.
- Recommends moving caffeine intake earlier in the day because having it too late can disrupt sleep, especially for slow metabolizers.
- Recommends not having caffeine after lunch, noting that 400 mg 4 hours before bed reduced deep sleep by approximately 30 minutes in a trial, although he personally has a fast caffeine metabolism.
- States that taurine supports normal muscle, nerve, and heart function, and supplement trials suggest benefits for some metabolic markers, exercise performance and blood pressure.
- Recommends Taurine for blood pressure and metabolic health, based primarily on human research, especially randomized controlled trials showing measurable benefits.
- Lists Taurine as one of 15 supplements backed by human studies.
- Lists sauerkraut and fruit as sources of Vitamin C.
- Lists potatoes and fruit as sources of Potassium.
Andrew Huberman · Zinc · uses
- Zinc carnosine to support and improve the lining of your gut.
- Notes that AG1 Pro contains zinc carnosine to support and improve the lining of the gut.
- Used caffeine, taking 400 milligrams, to improve his mood and physical vigor during mundane tasks like swimming, noting that it made life not so bad and allowed him to rip through the water.
- Mentions caffeine in a discussion about supplement use.
- Discusses caffeine timing as a tool related to sleep.
- He recommends caffeine, in coffee or tea form, or in tablet or capsule form at lower dosages than found in coffee and tea, as a reasonable way to explore stimulant-based approaches for enhancing cognitive function and focus.
- States that AG1 Pro contains zinc carnosine to support and improve the lining of the gut.
- Uses AG1 Pro, which contains zinc carnosine to support and improve the lining of the gut.
- Huberman states that caffeine can improve focus and concentration, with a general useful range of 100 to 400 milligrams, and most people do well with 100 to 200 milligrams prior to focused work.
- Discusses caffeine as a tool for improving attention, noting its impact on focus and sleep.
- States that AG1 Pro contains zinc carnosine to support and improve the lining of the gut, and he was already taking some of these ingredients separately.
- Mentions that coffee and tea produce caffeine, which were likely defense chemicals, and that plants learned it was better to alter consciousness than kill predators outright.
- Discusses caffeine and its health benefits.
- States that AG1 Pro includes zinc carnosine, which he was already taking separately, to support and improve the lining of the gut.
Ben Greenfield · Zinc · warns
- Ben Greenfield's formulation includes 30 grams of zinc a day, taken for one week before surgery and two weeks after, as it is an important cofactor for wound healing.
- Mentions a recent study showing no significant increase in bleeding for patients on Vitamin E supplementation during open heart surgery, which was interesting for him to learn.
- States that vitamin C is extremely important for collagen turnover and cites orthopedic data showing that 500 mg to 1 g of vitamin C can reduce the rate of complex regional pain in total knee replacements and wrist fractures.
- Notes that Vitamin D is actually a hormone and recommends patients aim for levels around 40 to 50, or even 60 for fracture healing, for optimal healing, as opposed to just above 20 which is considered normal.
- Came off caffeine for a year after his separation.
- Quit caffeine in the same year he quit testosterone replacement therapy and alcohol.
- Uses caffeine, such as coffee or green tea, in his morning fasted fat-burning session to slightly increase the oxidation of fats.
- Says he is drinking LMNT, which contains sodium, potassium, and magnesium, and states that he actually drinks this stuff.
- Notes that Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that supports healthy skin cell turnover.
- Advises against relying on caffeine for morning energy, suggesting that natural sugar-based stimulants combined with hydration and meditation can provide sufficient wakefulness.
- Mentions vitamin C as part of a bare-minimum protocol.
- Mentions vitamin D as part of a bare-minimum protocol.
- Advises getting vitamin D levels between 60 and 100 nanograms per milliliter as a minimum step for overall health and to slow down heart disease.
- Recommends taking sufficient selenium to ensure free T3 levels are right, which is important for the reverse calcium transport system.
Thomas DeLauer · Caffeine · neutral
- Explains that caffeine from green tea mobilizes fatty acids, which can be converted into ketones, providing a ketone boost, especially in a fasted or low-carb state.
- Uses Element's cans which contain 100 milligram potassium, finding that electrolytes help his workout performance.
- Warns that treating brain fog with caffeine without addressing underlying inflammation is ineffective and likely to make the situation worse.
- Recommends taking vitamin C along with collagen about an hour before a workout for connective tissue benefits.
- Uses Element's 100 mg potassium cans first thing in the morning to prime his day and help with workout performance.
- Uses vitamin C as part of their immunity duo, stating it is important for boosting the immune system, especially during cold and flu season.
- Adds zinc to their immunity duo because it helps them absorb vitamin C, considering the two together a fantastic combination for fall and winter.
- Uses vitamin D3 in the fall and winter months when getting less sun, as it's important to supplement it then.
- Recommends taurine, stating it raises the stress threshold, acts as a GABA and glycine receptor modulator, and protects neurons from stress, ultimately lowering cortisol release.
- Notes that caffeine significantly increased fat metabolism and fat oxidation during exercise, especially at lower intensities, and that adding coffee around an exercise bout led to more calories and fat burned.
- Says that caffeine significantly increased fat metabolism and that at low intensity cardio or exercise caffeine works better at mobilizing and utilizing fat.
- Recommends taking a massive amount of vitamin D simultaneously with an early morning massive breakfast to help reset circadian rhythms and address hyperphagia.
- Recommends Vitamin B12 for mental health and mood, explaining its role in myelination and neurotransmitter production. They specifically recommend a liposomal and micellar form of methylcobalamin B12 for better absorption and to avoid toxicity.
- Might have some caffeine before fasted training.
Dr. Mark Hyman · Vitamin D · recommends
- Recommends Vitamin D for health, stating that amazing things happen when patients' vitamin D statuses reach optimal levels.
- Mentions vitamin D as an existing biomarker that plays a role in mental health, which Function Health includes in their measurements.
- Notes that taking folate can lower homocysteine levels, which has shown health benefits and physical improvements in brain scans in clinical trials.
- Notes that vitamin D plays a role in immune function.
- Notes that some people may need a little bit extra folate with a supplement.
- Mentions that vitamin A levels can be looked at to get a deep sense of what's happening with nutrient levels.
- Warns that potassium bromate, a dough conditioner banned in the EU, UK, and Canada, is still allowed in U.S. bread.
- Recommends vitamin C as a basic supplement during detoxification to help with inflammation and detoxification.
- Recommends checking vitamin D levels and states that if they had to pick one single intervention for immune health, vitamin D would be it.
- Dr. Hyman discusses vitamin D in relation to sun exposure patterns.
- States that vitamin D supplementation can help with oxidative stress.
- Dr. Hyman mentions vitamin C as an advanced therapy for skin repair.
- Mentions topical vitamin C as an antioxidant that can help skin with aging.
- Gave a patient with psoriatic arthritis a little zinc, which contributed to significant improvement in her condition.
Dr. Rhonda Patrick · Caffeine · neutral
- Explains that caffeine can activate AMPK, a cellular energy sensor involved in fat burning and glucose regulation, which helps muscle cells take up glucose and promotes using fatty acids for energy.
- Mentions that taurine depletion is a concern raised in long-term animal studies regarding Beta Alanine, though not observed in human trials, and notes that one can supplement with taurine, which is a beneficial compound.
- Vitamin D supplementation was linked to a 40% lower risk of dementia in an observational study of more than 12,000 older adults.
- Recommends pairing caffeine with L-theanine to enhance alertness and focus while mitigating anxiety and jitteriness, suggesting a dose of 100 to 150 mg of caffeine.
- Recommends pairing coffee with L-theanine to enhance cognitive performance, noting that L-theanine can help balance caffeine’s stimulatory effects.
- Mentions that vitamin D also plays a role in maintaining muscle mass.
- Notes that not getting enough zinc can affect testosterone, as zinc is very important for testosterone synthesis.
- Recommends cutting out caffeine in the three months before conception for both men and women, as it affects sperm.
- Recommends ensuring adequate vitamin D intake for men's sperm health.
- Recommends men take a 30 milligram zinc supplement for sperm health when preparing for IVF.
- Recommends ensuring adequate methyl folate intake, ideally through a prenatal vitamin, for women preparing for IVF.
- Vitamin D and strength training alone did not, but adding them strengthened the effect on one clock, with the full combination slowing that measure by ~3.8 months.
- Lutein and zeaxanthin can also be obtained from certain multivitamins.
- Lutein and zeaxanthin can also be obtained from certain multivitamins.
Bryan Johnson · Vitamin D · uses
- Takes 5000 IU of Vitamin D3 in the morning for general health.
- Drinks coffee when starting to fade, ensuring the last cup is between 10 and 12 hours before bed so caffeine doesn't affect sleep.
- Takes 5000 IU of Vitamin D3 in the morning for general health.
- Mentions that the sunlight assessment claims low vitamin D levels cause the immune system to misfire, and notes that their vitamin D has been measured.
- Used 300 mg of caffeine in the morning as part of their jet lag recovery.
- Uses 300 mg of slow release caffeine in the morning as part of a jet lag recovery protocol.
- Takes 5000 IU of Vitamin D3 in the morning for longevity.
- Takes 15 mg of Zinc in the morning for longevity.
- He takes 5000 IU of Vitamin D3 in the morning for general health.
- Notes that coffee affects the gut, which then affects the brain, and that it is the coffee bean, not the caffeine, doing most of the work.
- Takes 5000 IU of Vitamin D3 in the morning for general health.
- Takes 5,000 IU of Vitamin D3 in the morning for longevity.
- Takes 5,000 IU of Vitamin D3 in the morning.
- Takes 15 mg of Zinc in the morning.
Peter Attia · Potassium · recommends
- States there is some evidence that increasing dietary potassium through potassium-rich foods like bananas and potatoes, rather than supplements, can lower blood pressure.
- States that he needs two to three times the normal dose of any medication or drug to feel an effect, including caffeine, and can drink four cups of coffee without feeling anything.
- Mentions data suggesting caffeine might be more helpful in the luteal phase to help with fatigue components.
- Lists vitamin D as one of her staple supplements.
- Suggests that zinc and magnesium could potentially help with vasodilation and sleep, particularly for women experiencing severe symptoms in the luteal phase.
- Uses caffeine in combination with Alpha GPC, MCT, and Theanine, often adding it to coffee for long periods of cognitive work.
- Finds Alpha GPC works well with caffeine, and he puts a product containing Alpha GPC, MCT, and caffeine into his coffee for long periods of cognitive work.
- Notes that several studies show patients taking vitamin D can reduce TPO levels and prolong the honeymoon period of Hashimoto's disease.
- Notes that several studies show patients taking selenium can reduce TPO levels and prolong the honeymoon period of Hashimoto's disease.
- States that in mouse studies, there was a combined effect of alpha ketoglutarate with vitamin D for both sexes.
- Notes that in mouse studies, there was a combined effect of alpha ketoglutarate with vitamin A for male mice.
- Uses vitamin D as an example of how people might dismiss its efficacy due to failed clinical trials that didn't adjust the dose or measure levels.
- In mouse studies, Peter Attia's team found a combined effect of AKG with Vitamin D for both sexes.
- In mouse studies, Peter Attia's team found a combined effect of AKG with Vitamin A for male mice.
RAL Summary
Members OnlyTier 4 for Thyroid Health
The rules set emerging because the only full-dose ingredient with some support, vitamin C, has small and mixed trials, including a larger trial with no effect [3]. There are also no reviews to confirm a benefit.
Take 2 servings a day (2 sticks) to match the dose that worked in the studies.
- Emerging: not enough evidence to rank higher yet.
Where the evidence disagrees: 133 of the 259 human studies found no effect.
More Details
Members OnlyBody systems · Combine with · Possible side effects
Body systems: Endocrine system, Immune system, Nervous system
Possible side effects: No major side effects were reported for this drink. High-dose biotin can distort thyroid blood test results, though the biotin in this product is far below the doses studied.
Supplement Facts
Includes 0 g Added Sugars 0 g · Vitamin A 300 mcg · Vitamin C 200 mg
| Calories | 10 | |
| Total Carbohydrate | 3 g | |
| Total Sugars | 0 g | |
| Includes 0 g Added Sugars | 0 g | |
| Vitamin A | 300 mcg | |
| Vitamin C | 200 mg | |
| Vitamin D3 | 20 mcg | |
| Vitamin E | 3.3 mg | |
| Niacin | 5 mg | |
| Vitamin B6 | 10 mg | |
| Folate | 130 mcg DFE | |
| Vitamin B12 | 1,000 mcg | |
| Biotin | 10 mcg | |
| Calcium | 35 mg | |
| Zinc | 4 mg | |
| Selenium | 18 mcg | |
| Manganese | 0.8 mg | |
| Sodium | 180 mg | |
| Potassium | 140 mg | |
| Caffeine | 100 mg | † |
| Taurine | 200 mg | † |
Other ingredients: Citric Acid, Acacia, Maltodextrin▲, Steviol Glycosides (from Stevia leaf), Natural Flavors, Color Added. ▲ Adds a trivial amount of sugar.
Directions: Adults, 1 stick pack daily. Empty contents into a glass, add 16 oz of water, stir. For a lighter flavor, mix with more water.
Barcode (UPC) 031604006969 · Label source: Reverseagelab · Report a label change
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Graded November 6, 2026 by the Reverse Age Lab evidence engine, from human studies, real reviews and our biohacker panel. How we grade. Is this medical advice? No. Rala organizes the published evidence; go over any change with your doctor, especially if you take meds.
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