Centrum Women Review
Centrum Women is presented as a daily women's multivitamin filled with essential nutrients to respond to the body's needs. The page states it is crafted with a combination of vitamins and minerals specially tailored to women, intended to help keep women feeling their best. The product is described as made with 23 key micronutrients. According to the page, these support daily energy needs through B vitamins, support normal immune function through antioxidants such as vitamins C, E, and zinc, assist the body's metabolism of macronutrients through B vitamins that aid in the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins, and help maintain a healthy appearance through biotin, vitamins A, C, and E. The page highlights that the tablet contains 100% or more of the daily value of vitamins D3, B6, B12, and biotin. The tablet is described as smooth-coated. The product is labeled verified non-GMO and gluten-free, with a footnote noting that the non-GMO standard applies to Centrum and Centrum Silver tablets only. The page lists several nutrient highlights. Vitamin D is described as central to healthy bones and as influencing cell growth and immune function. Vitamin B12 is described as having a key role in the normal functioning of metabolism and formation of blood. Folic acid is described as playing a vital role in cell reproduction and as having been known to prevent certain birth defects when taken while pregnant. Vitamin B6 is described as supporting the nervous system and the production of immune system cells. Biotin is described as essential for enzymes involved in metabolism and as supporting hair, skin, and nail cells. Iron is described as vital for the production of hemoglobin, the part of red blood cells that carries oxygen to cells. A Hair, Skin, and Nails section states that a combination of 12 nutrients helps support whole body health. In its FAQ, the page explains that Centrum Women builds on the same formula as Centrum Adults but is custom formulated with nutrients specific to women's health. It states that Centrum Women contains higher levels of vitamins C, E, and K, as well as biotin, pantothenic acid, calcium, magnesium, copper, and molybdenum. The page describes multivitamins as intended to be used as part of an overall healthy lifestyle, helping to fill dietary needs for recommended daily amounts of key vitamins and minerals, and advises taking them as part of a healthy diet and exercise routine. It notes that Centrum Women keeps the same formula and taste, with redesigned packaging. The page also offers a product recommendation quiz for shoppers unsure which Centrum product suits them. The page carries the standard statement that these claims have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration and that the product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
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Study, Trial or Testing Result Summary
Members Only279 human studies · 108 improved
2 of these 279 human studies gave the ingredient by drip, not by mouth.
At the instructed servings, zinc has the strongest support. Pooled placebo-controlled trials found zinc eased total, emotional and physical premenstrual symptoms [1][2], and 30 mg daily for 12 weeks reduced physical and psychological symptoms [3]. Zinc did not change estrogen or progesterone in one short study. Vitamin D at this dose lowered insulin and triglycerides in women after menopause [4], and in polycystic ovary syndrome it lowered male-type hormones [5], but a review found too little evidence for premenstrual mood [6]. Vitamin C at 100 mg improved memory after menopause but not menopause quality of life [7]. Vitamin K slowed bone loss after menopause in one trial [8] but not in another [9]. Vitamin B6, vitamin E, folate, calcium and selenium are below the doses studied, so their premenstrual or menopause benefits may not apply here [6][10][11][12]. Riboflavin evidence comes from food intake surveys, and riboflavin from supplements was not linked to lower premenstrual risk [13]. Animal and cell studies are never counted.
See all 279 studies →Hide the studies
- In ten observational studies of over 1.28 million postmenopausal women, vitamin D supplement use was associated with osteoporotic fracture, but this does not show that it prevents fractures and the direction was not stated.Predictors of osteoporotic fracture in postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis.
- Across 27 prospective studies of over 1.2 million people, women with the highest dietary riboflavin intake had about a 10% lower risk of breast cancer than those with the lowest intake.Association Between One-carbon Metabolism-related Vitamins and Risk of Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analy…
- Across observational studies of over 600,000 people, folate intake and blood levels showed no clear link to breast cancer risk in the better-designed prospective studies, regardless of menopausal or hormone receptor status.Folate intake and the risk of breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
- In a pooled analysis of cohort studies covering 319,077 adults, higher vitamin A intake slightly lowered total fracture risk but raised hip fracture risk, and low blood retinol was linked to more hip fractures.The Effect of Vitamin A on Fracture Risk: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies.
- Across 107 trials of postmenopausal women, calcium combined with vitamin D reduced hip fractures, but evidence for calcium and vitamin D on other fractures remained limited.Efficacy of Pharmacological Therapies for the Prevention of Fractures in Postmenopausal Women: A Network Meta-Analysis.
- In 54 observational studies of 39,471 women, those with polycystic ovary syndrome had similar dietary folic acid intake to women without it.Comparison of dietary and physical activity behaviors in women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic …
- Across 43 trials of 5,184 postmenopausal women, vitamin K raised a bone formation marker the most, and vitamin D plus K together raised two other bone formation markers the most.Effects of dietary supplements on bone turnover markers in women after menopause: a network meta-analysis.
- In 4,004 women with premature ovarian insufficiency, hormone therapy preserved bone density better than calcium, vitamin D, placebo or no treatment.Hormone therapy in women with premature ovarian insufficiency: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
- In a review of 19 randomised trials with 2290 women using progestin-only contraceptives, vitamin E (tested in one large trial in implant users) had no effect on bleeding patterns.Treatment of vaginal bleeding irregularities induced by progestin only contraceptives.
- Across 27 trials with 1,989 menopausal women, vitamin D improved handgrip strength but not knee extension strength.Effect of non-pharmacological interventions on the prevention of sarcopenia in menopausal women: a systematic review and…
- Across 20 randomized trials of 1961 women with polycystic ovary syndrome, vitamin D raised pregnancy and ovulation rates and lowered androgen, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and early miscarriage rates compared with controls, though study quality was limited.Effects of vitamin D supplementation on ovulation and pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic re…
- A reanalysis of 18 pooled cohort studies found that carotenoid intake was linked to lower risk of breast cancer without estrogen receptors, but beta-carotene was linked to higher risk of breast cancer with estrogen receptors.Reinterpretation of the results of a pooled analysis of dietary carotenoid intake and breast cancer risk by using the in…
- A pooled analysis of 19 observational studies found higher dietary antioxidant capacity linked to lower risk of polycystic ovary syndrome, infertility and pregnancy complications, but results were mixed for endometrial cancer and this was not a vitamin C supplement trial.Diet's total antioxidant capacity and women's health: systematic review and meta-analysis.
- In 32 placebo-controlled trials of various nutritional interventions in menopausal women, depression and anxiety symptoms improved overall, but vitamin D was only one of many interventions, one was combined with a weight-loss program, and results varied widely.Effects of nutritional interventions on the severity of depressive and anxiety symptoms of women in the menopausal trans…
- In a review of 35 trials on urge incontinence in postmenopausal women, vitamin D was not effective for incontinence or other menopausal urinary symptoms, or gave contradictory results.Treatment of urge incontinence in postmenopausal women: A systematic review.
- In a pooled analysis of 36 trials, vitamin K may have lowered clinical fractures in postmenopausal or osteoporotic patients, but did not change vertebral fractures, and bone density gains were small and lost significance in the best-quality trials.Effect of vitamin K on bone mineral density and fractures in adults: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of r…
- In a network analysis of 16 trials in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, folic acid was only studied alongside inositol and no treatment significantly changed insulin resistance, so folate's own effect cannot be separated.Read the study on PubMed (42490840) →
- Pooling studies of women, higher blood vitamin B12 levels and higher dietary vitamin B12 intake were not significantly linked to lower breast cancer risk, though vitamin B6 levels and methionine intake were.Association of vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and methionine with risk of breast cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis.
- A pooled analysis of 13 observational studies found no overall link between blood or red-cell magnesium and premenstrual syndrome, except lower blood magnesium in the luteal phase in studies outside the USA.The Association Between Serum Magnesium and Premenstrual Syndrome: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observationa…
- Pooling five randomized trials, young women with premenstrual syndrome taking zinc had significantly better physical and emotional symptoms than those on placebo, including less anger, anxiety and insomnia.A systematic review and meta-analysis examining the role of zinc supplementation in ameliorating physical and psychologi…
- Pooling four to five randomized trials, zinc supplements reduced total premenstrual symptom scores, emotional symptoms and physical symptoms in women of reproductive age, though trials were few and varied.Effect of zinc supplementation on premenstrual symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
- In a review of 31 trials of 3254 women with premenstrual syndrome, there was not enough evidence to support vitamin D for psychological symptoms, unlike vitamin B6, calcium and zinc.Effect of nutritional interventions on the psychological symptoms of premenstrual syndrome in women of reproductive age:…
- A review of 201 studies found food fortification raised blood nutrient levels and improved anemia markers in women and children, but vitamin A alone was not shown to affect women's hormones and evidence on illness and death was scarce.Micronutrient fortification of food and its impact on woman and child health: a systematic review.
- A review of seven randomized trials in women with endometriosis found that vitamin C (typically 1000 mg a day) with vitamin E lowered oxidative stress markers and pelvic pain and period pain, but did not raise pregnancy rates.Therapeutic Effects of Vitamins in Endometriosis Patients: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.
- In nine trials of postmenopausal women without osteoporosis, vitamin D with or without calcium raised blood vitamin D and improved bone turnover markers, but only one study showed fewer fractures, so a fracture benefit could not be confirmed.Supplementation of vitamin D isolated or calcium-associated with bone remodeling and fracture risk in postmenopausal wom…
- In 14 trials of nutrition and muscle health in middle-aged and older women, some studies of vitamin D, alone or with magnesium, found better muscle strength or function while others of vitamin D alone found no effect.Nutrition Interventions on Muscle-Related Components of Sarcopenia in Females: A Systematic Review of Randomized Control…
- In a review of 158 studies on complementary menopause therapies, vitamin D was supported as safe with high certainty and with moderate certainty for reducing fracture risk, though overall evidence remains limited.Complementary therapies for management of menopausal symptoms: a systematic review to inform the update of the Internati…
- A review of premenstrual syndrome treatments covered pyridoxine among many interventions, but the abstract gives no result for it.Premenstrual syndrome.
- A review of randomized trials of natural products for premenstrual syndrome suggested vitamin B6 may be effective, though the evidence was weaker than for calcium.Herbs, vitamins and minerals in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome: a systematic review.
- A review of 14 studies in women found vitamin B6 with magnesium reduced premenstrual anxiety but not when taken alone, while B6 alone reduced anxiety in older women.The impact of essential fatty acid, B vitamins, vitamin C, magnesium and zinc supplementation on stress levels in women:…
- A review of observational studies linked vitamin B6 and other nutrient deficiencies in postmenopausal women to higher risk of chronic disease, without testing B6 supplements specifically for hormone health.A systematic review on the impact of nutrition and possible supplementation on the deficiency of vitamin complexes, iron…
- In a review of 18 studies, four of seven studies in women with premenstrual syndrome reported that magnesium reduced anxiety, but the evidence quality was poor.The Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Subjective Anxiety and Stress-A Systematic Review.
- A review of 11 controlled trials in pre-menopausal women found three controlled studies suggesting zinc helps depressive symptoms, though better trials are needed.Increasing iron and zinc in pre-menopausal women and its effects on mood and cognition: a systematic review.
- A review of 36 randomized trials in women found zinc improved insulin resistance and blood fat balance in polycystic ovary syndrome and seemed to reduce period pain, with little known about endometriosis or after menopause.The Role of Zinc in Selected Female Reproductive System Disorders.
- A review of 26 mostly observational studies on nutrition and ovarian aging found only one study linking blood zinc and copper levels to ovarian reserve, so evidence for copper specifically is very limited and no firm conclusions could be drawn.Current Evidence on Associations of Nutritional Factors with Ovarian Reserve and Timing of Menopause: A Systematic Revie…
- In 20,050 postmenopausal women followed a median of 7 years, calcium and vitamin D did not change how menopausal symptoms related to health outcomes such as stroke and cardiovascular disease.The severity of vasomotor symptoms and number of menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women and select clinical health …
- In 617 women with premenstrual symptoms treated for three cycles, pyridoxine did not beat placebo on individual symptoms but gave significantly greater overall improvement.Controlled trial of pyridoxine in the premenstrual syndrome.
- In 423 postmenopausal women with coronary disease, vitamin C (1000 mg a day) with vitamin E for about 2.8 years gave no heart benefit and suggested possible harm, with more deaths than placebo.Effects of hormone replacement therapy and antioxidant vitamin supplements on coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal…
- In 334 women 1-5 years after menopause, 360 mcg of vitamin K2 (MK-7) daily for one year did not change bone loss compared with placebo, though it improved a blood marker of vitamin K status.Vitamin K2 supplementation does not influence bone loss in early menopausal women: a randomised double-blind placebo-con…
- In 309 anemic women with uterine fibroids, all took oral iron for 12 weeks; adding a hormone-blocking drug raised the anemia response to 74% versus 46% with iron alone, so the benefit came from the drug rather than from iron.GnRH agonist and iron versus placebo and iron in the anemic patient before surgery for leiomyomas: a randomized controll…
- In 300 women with chloasma (skin darkening), oral vitamins C and E for 3 months worked in 67% of those assessed, less than the 92.6% with acupuncture-based treatment.[Clinical research of chloasma treated with the meridian cosmetology and the impacts on estrogen and progestin].
- In 289 postmenopausal women with a history of breast cancer, magnesium oxide at 800 or 1,200 mg daily did not reduce hot flashes compared with placebo and caused more diarrhea.North Central Cancer Treatment Group N10C2 (Alliance): a double-blind placebo-controlled study of magnesium supplements …
- In 244 healthy postmenopausal women, 180 mcg of vitamin K2 (MK-7) daily for three years reduced the age-related loss of bone mineral content and density at the lumbar spine and femoral neck, but not at the total hip.Three-year low-dose menaquinone-7 supplementation helps decrease bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women.
- In 218 young women with premenstrual syndrome, a multi-ingredient supplement that included vitamin B1 lowered symptom scores more than placebo after one and two months, but the effect of thiamine alone cannot be separated out.Natural relief for premenstrual syndrome (PMS): a double-blind clinical trial on the efficacy and safety of PMSoff.
- In 180 postmenopausal women with mild memory impairment, 100 mg of vitamin C a day for 6 months improved cognitive scores and lowered beta-amyloid, but did not significantly change overall menopause quality of life.A randomized, controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of pyridoxine and ascorbic acid on cognitive function and qualit…
- In 165 women with low vitamin K status, 180 mcg of vitamin K2 (MK-7) daily for one year reduced the rise in vascular stiffness in postmenopausal women compared with placebo, and lowered blood pressure in those with high stiffness.Effects of One-Year Menaquinone-7 Supplementation on Vascular Stiffness and Blood Pressure in Post-Menopausal Women.
- In 164 postmenopausal women with frequent hot flushes, 5 mg of folic acid daily for 12 weeks did not significantly reduce hot flushes more than placebo, though quality of life scores improved at week 8.Folic acid supplementation in postmenopausal women with hot flushes: phase III randomised double-blind placebo-controlle…
- In 160 postmenopausal women, 1000 IU of vitamin D3 daily for 9 months lowered triglycerides, insulin and insulin resistance, and cut the risk of metabolic syndrome compared with placebo.Vitamin D supplementation improves the metabolic syndrome risk profile in postmenopausal women.
- In 158 girls aged 15-21 with very low vitamin D, 4 months of vitamin D lowered premenstrual anxiety, irritability and sadness scores, while the placebo group showed no appreciable change.Vitamin D Supplementation for Premenstrual Syndrome-Related Mood Disorders in Adolescents with Severe Hypovitaminosis D.
- In 154 early postmenopausal cancer survivors given calcium and vitamin D in both groups, a year of exercise did not improve bone density versus home activity; the vitamin D effect itself was not tested.Effect of a randomized controlled exercise trial on bone outcomes: influence of adjuvant endocrine therapy.
- In 150 postmenopausal women, tibolone raised fat-free mass compared with hormone therapy or the calcium and vitamin D control, but vitamin D was given to all groups and was not the tested treatment.Comparative effects of continuous combined hormone therapy and tibolone on body composition in postmenopausal women.
- In 142 women aged 20-35 with premenstrual syndrome, 50 mg of elemental zinc from zinc sulfate taken in the second half of each cycle for three months cut moderate to severe premenstrual syndrome from 9.5% to 2.6% and improved quality of life, while placebo did not.Effect of zinc sulfate supplementation on premenstrual syndrome and health-related quality of life: Clinical randomized …
- In 141 middle-aged women with premenstrual syndrome, abdominal obesity and low vitamin D, vitamin D-fortified dairy for about 10 weeks raised blood vitamin D in everyone, but restless legs symptoms improved only in women with severe premenstrual syndrome, and not versus the control group.Effect of dairy products fortified with vitamin d3 on restless legs syndrome in women with premenstrual syndrome, abdomi…
- In 126 women with premenstrual syndrome given magnesium, vitamin B6 or placebo for two cycles, symptom scores fell in every group including placebo, and vitamin B6 worked best and placebo least.Effects of magnesium and vitamin b6 on the severity of premenstrual syndrome symptoms.
- In 124 women starting a low-dose birth control pill, 150 mg vitamin B6 daily for 30 days did not reduce side effects significantly more than placebo.Effect of vitamin B6 on the side effects of a low-dose combined oral contraceptive.
- In 120 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and back pain, adding raloxifene to daily calcium and 800 IU vitamin D for one year did not change back pain or disability compared with calcium and vitamin D alone; vitamin D was not tested on its own.Does raloxifene treatment influence back pain and disability among postmenopausal women with osteoporosis?
- In 120 women with severe premenstrual syndrome, 300 mg of pyridoxine daily for 3 months cut symptoms by 45.3%, similar to the 39.4-46.1% reduction on placebo, and less than a med, propranolol or a med.A double-blind trial of four medications to treat severe premenstrual syndrome.
- In 115 women with breast cancer, vitamin E reduced hot flush frequency by only about 10% and hot flush score by about 7%, which was not significant, while a med cut them by 57% and 67%.Read the study on PubMed (19415540) →
- In 115 female endurance athletes followed for two years, vitamin K1 did not change the rate of bone loss compared with placebo.Factors affecting bone loss in female endurance athletes: a two-year follow-up study.
- In 106 women with painful periods, 4 months of combined vitamin D and E cut pain scores from 7.85 to 3.75 versus 7.68 to 6.02 with placebo, and improved premenstrual symptoms.Effect of vitamin D and E supplementation on pain relief and premenstrual symptoms in primary dysmenorrhea: a randomized…
- In 105 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis on meds, 1 mg vitamin K1 or 45 mg vitamin K2 (MK-4) daily for 18 months did not change bone density or bone turnover markers versus placebo, with only modest changes in hip shape measures.Read the study on PubMed (37338608) →
- In 105 women with premenstrual syndrome who all took magnesium and B vitamins, the study compared added vibration training with aerobic exercise, so the effect of magnesium itself was not tested.Whole-body vibration versus supervised aerobic exercise on hormonal parameters and inflammatory status in women with pre…
- In 100 postmenopausal women, 5 mg of folic acid daily for 8 weeks improved sexual desire, arousal, orgasm, satisfaction, pain and total sexual function more than placebo, but not lubrication.Effect of folic acid on the sexual function of postmenopausal women: a triple-blind randomized controlled trial.
- In 98 postmenopausal women over 12 months, the full-dose plant extract raised spine bone density by 3.6%, while the low-dose extract with calcium group saw no significant change (0.6% loss).Tofupill/Femarelle (DT56a): a new phyto-selective estrogen receptor modulator-like substance for the treatment of postme…
- In 93 postmenopausal women starting breast cancer hormone-blocking therapy, high-dose vitamin D3 for a year raised blood levels but did not reduce joint pain (54% vs 57% developed it with standard dose), and the trial was stopped early.Randomized controlled trial of high-dose versus standard-dose vitamin D3 for prevention of aromatase inhibitor-induced a…
- In 92 premenopausal women with chloasma, vitamin C (600 mg a day) with vitamin E for 12 weeks worked in 55.8% and did not change sex hormones, less effective than the acupoint catgut embedding group at 88.6%.[Effect on clinical symptoms and mechanism of chloasma in premenopausal women with liver qi stagnation treated with acup…
- In 92 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, 2 years of active vitamin D3 (0.75 mcg daily) increased lower spine bone density versus calcium alone, and combining it with vitamin K2 gave a larger gain.Effect of combined administration of vitamin D3 and vitamin K2 on bone mineral density of the lumbar spine in postmenopa…
- In 89 menopausal women with sleep or mood problems, a daily combination tablet containing 50 mg magnesium for 24 weeks reduced hot flushes, night sweats, insomnia, anxiety and mood symptoms more than calcium plus vitamin D, but magnesium was not tested alone.Soy isoflavones, lactobacilli, Magnolia bark extract, vitamin D3 and calcium. Controlled clinical study in menopause.
- In 86 women before hysteroscopy, 4 mg of folic acid daily for 14 days was the comparison group and did not change endometrial thickness or reproductive hormones, unlike the progestogen nomegestrol acetate.The use of nomegestrol acetate in rapid preparation of endometrium before operative hysteroscopy in pre-menopausal women…
- In 85 late postmenopausal women, a chicken eggshell powder supplement with vitamin D and minerals for 12 months increased hip bone density by 1.75%, while the placebo group lost bone density.Positive effects of a chicken eggshell powder-enriched vitamin-mineral supplement on femoral neck bone mineral density i…
- In 83 nursing students with premenstrual syndrome, a one-hour nutrition education session with email follow-ups lowered symptom scores by 27.5 points over 4 months while dietary riboflavin rose by 0.3 mg a day, but riboflavin was not tested on its own.The effect of nutrition education on premenstrual syndrome: Randomized controlled study.
- In 82 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, calcium and vitamin D alone was the comparison group for parathyroid hormone or ibandronate over 18 months; the paper does not report calcium alone changing hormone-related outcomes.Treatment with intermittent PTH increases Wnt10b production by T cells in osteoporotic patients.
- In 81 women with cyclic breast pain before periods, a vitamin compound containing pyridoxine did not reduce pain more than placebo, which worked even better.[Pre-menstrual cyclic mastalgia].
- In 80 postmenopausal women with vaginal dryness, 40,000 IU of vitamin D weekly for 12 weeks did not improve vaginal health measures more than placebo, although some measures improved within the vitamin D group.Effect of Vitamin D Supplement on Vulvovaginal Atrophy of the Menopause.
- In 80 female students with premenstrual syndrome, vitamin B1 lowered mental symptoms by 35% and physical symptoms by 21% over two cycles, and symptoms were significantly lower than with placebo.The effects of vitamin B1 on ameliorating the premenstrual syndrome symptoms.
- In 78 menopausal women at risk of bone loss, a daily dairy product enriched with vitamin C and other nutrients for 24 weeks kept bone density and improved bone markers compared with the unenriched product.A Dairy Product to Reconstitute Enriched with Bioactive Nutrients Stops Bone Loss in High-Risk Menopausal Women without …
- In 78 women with premenstrual syndrome, 80 mg of vitamin B6 daily for three menstrual cycles reduced symptoms with a medium effect and 60% were in full remission, similar to a broad micronutrient formula, with no placebo group.A Pilot Randomized Treatment-Controlled Trial Comparing Vitamin B6 with Broad-Spectrum Micronutrients for Premenstrual S…
- In 78 postmenopausal women with low bone density who all took magnesium 550 mg daily with calcium and calcitriol for a year, adding red clover isoflavones and probiotics slowed bone loss and improved estrogen metabolism, but magnesium itself was not tested against placebo.Combined bioavailable isoflavones and probiotics improve bone status and estrogen metabolism in postmenopausal osteopeni…
- In 76 young women with premenstrual syndrome and painful periods, curcumin for three cycles lowered a blood marker of inflammation but did not change iron levels, and iron itself was not given.Effect of curcumin on inflammatory biomarkers and iron profile in patients with premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea: …
- In 74 postmenopausal women over 1 year, adding cholecalciferol to estrogen-norethindrone did not change blood pressure or body mass index, and its effect on cholesterol and HDL ratio did not differ from placebo.Cardiovascular risk factors during estrogen-norethindrone and cholecalciferol treatment.
- In 73 healthy premenopausal women, eating natto up to three times a week for a year did not change bone stiffness but improved some bone formation markers.Promotion of bone formation by fermented soybean (Natto) intake in premenopausal women.
- In 72 postmenopausal women, one year of vitamin K2 suppressed the loss of spinal bone density compared with no treatment, with greater benefit when started earlier after menopause.A longitudinal study of the effect of vitamin K2 on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women a comparative study wit…
- Vitamin B6 was only used as a placebo in this trial of misoprostol before endometrial biopsy in 72 women, so it does not test B6 for women's hormones.Randomized trial of oral misoprostol before endometrial biopsy.
- In 69 perimenopausal women, 24 weeks of 40 g daily soy or whey protein had no significant effect on iron levels, and iron itself was not given as a supplement.Iron indexes and total antioxidant status in response to soy protein intake in perimenopausal women.
- In 69 female university students with premenstrual syndrome, 220 mg of zinc daily for 24 weeks reduced anger, anxiety, depressed mood, bloating, headaches and other symptoms compared with placebo.The Effect of Zinc Supplementation on the Improvement of Premenstrual Symptoms in Female University Students: a Randomiz…
- In 66 women with benign breast disease, a combination tablet containing vitamin C (60 mg a day in total) with beta-carotene, vitamin E and garlic taken for 6 months eased breast pain and period-related symptoms, helping 75.8% versus about 30% on placebo.[Study of an antioxidant dietary supplement "Karinat" in patients with benign breast disease].
- In 66 women with endometriosis taking dienogest, 200 mcg of organic selenium daily for 3 months shrank endometriomas (4.82 to 3.78 cm versus 4.07 to 5.31 cm on placebo) and reduced period pain and other pelvic pain more than placebo, with no serious side effects.Efficacy of Organic Selenium Supplementation on Endometrioma Regression and Pain in Women With Endometriosis: A Triple-B…
- In 61 postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease, vitamin C and E (1000 mg vitamin C a day) for up to 34 months did not improve blood vessel dilation, and hormone therapy did not either.Hormone therapy and antioxidant vitamins do not improve endothelial vasodilator function in postmenopausal women with es…
- In 60 women with endometriosis, 1000 mg of vitamin C plus 800 IU of vitamin E daily for 8 weeks lowered oxidative stress markers and reduced pelvic pain, painful periods and painful intercourse compared with placebo.The Effect of Combined Vitamin C and Vitamin E Supplementation on Oxidative Stress Markers in Women with Endometriosis: …
- In a randomized trial of 60 women with premenstrual syndrome, 100 mg of pyridoxine daily for 3 months significantly reduced symptom scores compared with a placebo tablet, with fewer side effects than bromocriptine.Role of bromocriptine and pyridoxine in premenstrual tension syndrome.
- In 60 young women with premenstrual syndrome, 30 mg of zinc gluconate for 12 weeks reduced physical and psychological symptoms and raised antioxidant capacity and a brain growth factor versus placebo, with no change in an inflammation marker.Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Physical and Psychological Symptoms, Biomarkers of Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and…
- In 60 young women with premenstrual syndrome, 30 mg of zinc a day for 12 weeks improved the physical part of quality of life compared with placebo, but overall quality of life was not significantly different and sleep only marginally improved.Effect of zinc supplementation on quality of life and sleep quality in young women with premenstrual syndrome: a randomi…
- In 57 men and women eating a choline-poor diet for up to 6 weeks, 400 mcg of folic acid a day did not change the rate of liver or muscle problems, which was lower in premenopausal women than in men or postmenopausal women.Sex and menopausal status influence human dietary requirements for the nutrient choline.
- In 55 adolescent girls starting Depo-Provera, 500 mg of vitamin C daily for 6 months did not reduce bleeding days or change weight compared with placebo.Supplementation with vitamin C and/or vitamin B(6) in the prevention of Depo-Provera side effects in adolescents.
- In a double-blind trial of 55 women with moderate to severe premenstrual mood changes, 150 mg of vitamin B6 daily over two months improved dizziness, vomiting, poor performance and reduced social activity before periods, but a significant amount of physical and mood symptoms remained.The effects of vitamin B6 supplementation on premenstrual symptoms.
- In 52 postmenopausal women with vaginal atrophy symptoms, a vitamin E vaginal suppository for 12 weeks improved sexual function scores about as much as estrogen vaginal cream.Vitamin E as alternative local treatment in genitourinary syndrome of menopause: a randomized controlled trial.
- In 51 postmenopausal women with hot flashes, L-methionine did not reduce hot flashes more than placebo over 12 to 20 weeks; everyone also took 1 mg of folate daily, so folate was not tested on its own.Effect of L-methionine on hot flashes in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial.
- In 51 postmenopausal women, 50 mg of zinc a day for 8 weeks improved vitamin D3 status, and zinc levels were linked to lower leptin.Effectiveness of eight-week zinc supplementation on vitamin D3 status and leptin levels in a population of postmenopausa…
- In 51 postmenopausal women, 50 mg of zinc a day for 8 weeks raised folate and lowered homocysteine compared with placebo, while vitamin B12 changed the same in both groups.Effect of zinc supplementation on circulating concentrations of homocysteine, vitamin B12, and folate in a postmenopausa…
- In 51 postmenopausal women who started with low zinc, 8 weeks of zinc improved zinc status, and higher red blood cell zinc was linked to better antioxidant defenses.Erythrocyte Zn concentration and antioxidant response after supplementation with Zn in a postmenopausal population. A do…
- In a double-blind trial of 50 postmenopausal women, zinc-containing vaginal pessaries used nightly for 14 nights improved vaginal dryness, pain, burning and other genital symptoms more than placebo pessaries.Effect of zinc-containing pessaries on menopausal genitourinary syndrome, a double-blind randomised trial.
- In 48 healthy postmenopausal women, folic acid for about 16 weeks lowered blood homocysteine (10.33 vs 13.21 micromol/l with placebo), though hormone symptoms were not measured.Folic acid supplementation reduces plasma homocysteine in postmenopausal women.
- In 48 postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes, 40 mg of zinc daily for 12 weeks did not significantly change blood sugar, insulin resistance or HbA1c compared with placebo.Zinc transporter gene expression and glycemic control in post-menopausal women with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
- In 46 women with premenstrual syndrome (41 finished), 400 IU of vitamin E daily for three cycles improved some mood and physical symptoms compared with placebo.Efficacy of alpha-tocopherol in the treatment of the premenstrual syndrome.
- In 45 postmenopausal women taking estrogen for 3 months, oral conjugated estrogen raised blood copper and free radical markers, while transdermal estradiol lowered free radical markers.Hepatic Effects of Estrogen on Plasma Distribution of Small Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein and Free Radical Production in…
- In 44 women over one menstrual cycle, 50 mg of vitamin B6 taken with 200 mg of magnesium reduced anxiety-related premenstrual symptoms more than placebo, while vitamin B6 alone showed no clear overall difference.A synergistic effect of a daily supplement for 1 month of 200 mg magnesium plus 50 mg vitamin B6 for the relief of anxie…
- In 43 postmenopausal women with elevated blood pressure, 22 grams a day of blueberry powder for 12 weeks improved blood vessel function more than placebo; vitamin C was given only as an intravenous test, not as a supplement.Daily blueberry consumption for 12 weeks improves endothelial function in postmenopausal women with above-normal blood p…
- In a pilot study of 42 women taking a blend that includes vitamin B6 for three months, mood and affective symptoms improved within the supplement group, but there was no difference from placebo, suggesting a placebo effect.Effects of the PREMEN-CALM® in the Management of the Premenstrual Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controll…
- In 40 postmenopausal women on estrogen and progestin hormone therapy, taking 5 mg of folic acid daily for 3 months lowered blood homocysteine compared with placebo, while hormone therapy alone raised it.The effect of postmenopausal hormone therapy with or without folic acid supplementation on serum homocysteine level.
- In 39 women with premenstrual syndrome, calcium carbonate 1200 mg daily for 4 menstrual cycles gave only small, non-significant symptom benefit versus placebo, much less than a med.Read the study on PubMed (23963058) →
- In a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial of 38 women, 200 mg of magnesium oxide daily for two cycles had no effect in the first cycle but reduced mild fluid-retention symptoms such as bloating and breast tenderness in the second cycle.Magnesium supplementation alleviates premenstrual symptoms of fluid retention.
- In 37 women using a combined birth control pill, taking 1 gram of vitamin C a day did not raise blood levels of the pill's estrogen (ethinyl estradiol).Absence of an effect of high vitamin C dosage on the systemic availability of ethinyl estradiol in women using a combina…
- In 36 estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women, estradiol plus endurance exercise improved blood vessel function, while an intravenous vitamin C test infusion was used only to measure oxidative stress and was not given as a supplement.Essential role of estrogen for improvements in vascular endothelial function with endurance exercise in postmenopausal w…
- In 32 postmenopausal women taking 500 mcg of vitamin K1 twice daily in a blend with hop acids, berberine and vitamin D3 for 14 weeks, serum osteocalcin fell 31% versus a 19% rise with placebo, a bone turnover change.Hop rho iso-alpha acids, berberine, vitamin D3 and vitamin K1 favorably impact biomarkers of bone turnover in postmenopa…
- In 32 young adult women with acne flares before their period, a face product containing nicotinamide (plus two other ingredients) used on one half of the face for one menstrual cycle led to fewer inflammatory acne lesions than placebo on the other half (7.6 vs 9.4).Characteristics of premenstrual acne flare-up and benefits of a dermocosmetic treatment: a double-blind randomised trial…
- In 32 women who completed a six-month crossover trial of 50 mg daily pyridoxine, emotional symptoms such as depression, irritability and tiredness improved significantly compared with placebo, but other premenstrual symptoms did not.Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and the premenstrual syndrome: a randomized crossover trial.
- In a randomized double-blind trial of 32 women with premenstrual syndrome, 360 mg of magnesium given three times a day (1080 mg daily) from mid-cycle to menstruation significantly reduced total symptom scores and negative mood symptoms over two cycles.Oral magnesium successfully relieves premenstrual mood changes.
- Women over 70 who took 1500 mg daily calcium with vitamin D, and then added low dose estradiol, had further reduced bone breakdown markers, with the combination working better on resorption than either alone.Low dose estrogen and calcium have an additive effect on bone resorption in older women.
- In 29 women with endometriosis taking goserelin, tibolone reduced hot flushes and sweating more than an iron pill control over 6 months, and the iron pill itself showed no clear benefit.Effectiveness of tibolone on hypoestrogenic symptoms induced by goserelin treatment in patients with endometriosis.
- In 25 postmenopausal women with high homocysteine, 3 months of oral estradiol lowered homocysteine but also lowered blood vitamin B6 by about 25 to 38 percent compared with placebo; no vitamin B6 dose was given.Oral estradiol decreases plasma homocysteine, vitamin B6, and albumin in postmenopausal women but does not change the wh…
- In 20 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, a two-week course of vitamin K corrected the under-carboxylation of osteocalcin, and the improvement was still detectable four weeks later.Carboxylation of osteocalcin in post-menopausal osteoporotic women following vitamin K and D supplementation.
- In 20 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, 1830 mg of magnesium citrate daily for 30 days lowered bone breakdown markers and parathyroid hormone while raising a bone formation marker, compared with an untreated control group.Short-term oral magnesium supplementation suppresses bone turnover in postmenopausal osteoporotic women.
- In 15 postmenopausal women, 6 weeks of a chicory fiber supplement improved calcium and magnesium absorption compared with placebo, but bone breakdown markers rose, and bone turnover changes occurred only in women who absorbed more minerals.Effects of oligofructose-enriched inulin on intestinal absorption of calcium and magnesium and bone turnover markers in …
- In 12 trained female cyclists, a salty drink taken 2 hours before cycling in the heat did not change body temperature or heart rate across the menstrual cycle, but it improved time trial performance versus placebo, especially in the high-progesterone phase.Sodium Hyperhydration Improves Performance With No Change in Thermal and Cardiovascular Strain in Female Cyclists Exerci…
- In a small study of 11 women with menstrual cycle-related mood symptoms, chromium supplementation given from mid-cycle to menses was linked to reduced mood symptoms and better overall health satisfaction in most participants. Some women did better with chromium plus a med than with either alone. The study was small and the chromium dose was not stated.Chromium supplementation for menstrual cycle-related mood symptoms.
- In a small double-blind crossover trial of 8 college women taking birth control pills, 100 mg of vitamin B6 daily for 4 weeks lowered depression scores by about 20%, while placebo raised them by about 11%.Vitamin B6 Supplementation Reduces Symptoms of Depression in College Women Taking Oral Contraceptives: A Randomized, Dou…
- In a double-blind dose-response study of women with premenstrual syndrome, vitamin E eased symptoms in three of four symptom groups but did not change blood levels of testosterone, DHEA-S, estradiol or progesterone.The effect of alpha-tocopherol on premenstrual symptomatology: a double-blind study. II. Endocrine correlates.
- In obese postmenopausal women losing weight over 20 weeks, all of whom took vitamin K and vitamin D supplements, changes in osteocalcin were not linked to changes in weight or body fat.Osteocalcin carboxylation is not associated with body weight or percent fat changes during weight loss in post-menopausa…
- In postmenopausal women on sequential estrogen-progestin therapy, adding folic acid for 6 months did not lower blood homocysteine further beyond the reduction the hormone therapy already produced.Plasma homocysteine levels after hormone therapy with and without folic acid supplementation: a randomized study.
- Folic acid supplements taken for six months significantly lowered homocysteine in postmenopausal women; the abstract does not give the group size or dose.Effect of folic acid supplementation on homocysteine level in postmenopausal women.
- In young women with premenstrual syndrome, 1000 mg of calcium carbonate daily for 3 months reduced early tiredness, appetite changes and low mood compared with placebo.Effects of calcium supplement therapy in women with premenstrual syndrome.
- In postmenopausal women over 12 weeks, the calcium control group showed no significant change in quality of life, metabolic, or blood pressure measures.Clinical and metabolic effects of drospirenone-estradiol in menopausal women: a prospective study.
- In postmenopausal women in Indonesia and the Philippines, a milk drink fortified with calcium, vitamin D, magnesium and zinc for 4 months lowered parathyroid hormone and bone turnover markers compared with placebo and raised vitamin D status; the abstract does not separate magnesium's effect from the other ingredients.The effect of a fortified milk drink on vitamin D status and bone turnover in post-menopausal women from South East Asia…
- In women using copper intrauterine devices, the amount of copper released was linked to lower estrogen and progesterone receptor levels in the uterine lining, and these changes were temporary, fading after a year of use.The effect of copper ions in vivo on specific hormonal endometrial receptors.
- In 152 postmenopausal women with low bone mass, 9 months of calcitriol plus alendronate raised spine and femoral neck bone density more than calcium alone, though femoral density did not significantly improve in this group.Calcitriol and alendronate combination treatment in menopausal women with low bone mass.
- In 110 women with estrogen deficiency from leuprolide treatment, vitamin K2 for 6 months partly reduced spine bone loss (-3.72% versus -5.25% with leuprolide alone), but did not prevent it.Use of vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the prevention of bone loss induced by leuprolide.
- In 90 postmenopausal women, 3 months of drumstick or amaranth leaf powder raised blood vitamin C and antioxidant enzymes and lowered an oxidative stress marker, but vitamin C was not given on its own.Effect of supplementation of drumstick (Moringa oleifera) and amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor) leaves powder on antioxidan…
- In Iraqi women with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy, blood phosphorus rose significantly compared with healthy controls in both pre- and post-menopausal groups, alongside rises in inflammatory markers.Evaluation of some proinflammatory cytokines and biochemical parameters in pre and postmenopausal breast cancer women.
- In 75 postmenopausal women followed for 2 years, those who took calcium only lost spine and radius bone mass and had higher cholesterol and triglycerides and lower HDL, while hormone replacement prevented these changes.Effects of 2 years of hormone replacement upon bone mass, serum lipids and lipoproteins.
- In 12 postmenopausal women given calcium 1500 mg daily plus nasal calcitonin for 24 months compared with 35 untreated women, calcium and parathyroid hormone levels did not differ, and bone resorption fell only in the first year.The effect of intranasal salmon calcitonin on biochemical parameters of bone turnover in postmenopausal women.
- In 46 postmenopausal women, 5 mg of folic acid daily for 4 weeks led significantly more women to report fewer hot flushes than placebo, along with a larger drop in a brain norepinephrine marker (24% vs 6%).Folic acid supplementation may cure hot flushes in postmenopausal women: a prospective cohort study.
- In a double-blind crossover study of 19 women with premenstrual tension and 19 symptom-free controls, vitamin B6 treatment did not significantly improve premenstrual symptoms compared with placebo, although a blood serotonin measure rose with treatment in both groups.Platelet serotonin uptake and effects of vitamin B6-treatment in premenstrual tension.
- In 36 women with early breast cancer, 2 to 4 weeks of fenretinide plus tamoxifen before surgery did not change cell growth or other tumor markers compared with placebo.Phase II clinical trial of N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)retinamide and tamoxifen administration before definitive surgery for brea…
- In women with premenstrual symptoms, adding vitamin B6 with a med and/or dydrogesterone did not significantly change blood sodium, potassium or hormone levels compared with women without symptoms.Hormones and electrolytes in premenstrual syndrome.
- In 32 postmenopausal women, 15 mg of zinc sulfate daily for 2 weeks did not significantly change serum estrogen or progesterone compared with no treatment.The effect of low dose zinc supplementation to serum estrogen and progesterone levels in post-menopausal women.
- In 30 young women with premenstrual symptoms, both groups took vitamin B6 and calcium daily for 3 months, and the group that also did treadmill exercise three times a week had lower symptom scores and lower prolactin, oestradiol and progesterone levels, but the study does not test vitamin B6 alone and does not report the control group's hormone changes.Effect of aerobic exercise on premenstrual symptoms, haematological and hormonal parameters in young women.
- In 29 breast cancer patients, high-dose vitamin D (10,000 IU daily) raised vitamin D levels, and the drop in the estrogen-like compound 27-hydroxycholesterol was not statistically significant compared with low-dose (400 IU daily).Vitamin D supplementation decreases serum 27-hydroxycholesterol in a pilot breast cancer trial.
- Japanese women within 10 years of menopause who took 2 mg daily of estriol plus 2 g of calcium for one year gained spine bone density, while those taking calcium alone lost bone density.[Usefulness of estriol for the treatment of bone loss in postmenopausal women].
- In 24 women, those using combined birth control pills and controls had similar vitamin B6 status markers when given 0.8, 2.0 or 20 mg of pyridoxine daily; 0.8 to 2.0 mg daily appeared enough to maintain normal levels.Urinary 4-pyridoxic acid, plasma pyridoxal phosphate, and erythrocyte aminotransferase levels in oral contraceptive user…
- In 24 women, 15 of whom used oral contraceptives, vitamin B6 repletion with 0.8 to 20 mg daily normalized most nutrition markers, but the tryptophan load test stayed abnormal in contraceptive users.Vitamin B6 requirements of women using oral contraceptives.
- In 24 women, birth control pill users and controls handled methionine similarly; 2.0 mg of pyridoxine daily restored normal methionine metabolism in both groups, while 0.8 mg did not.Metabolism of methionine in oral contraceptive users and control women receiving controlled intakes of vitamin B6.
- Healthy postmenopausal women (aged 57 to 86) had higher blood glutathione peroxidase activity, an antioxidant enzyme that depends on selenium, than premenopausal women, with selenium intake above the recommended amount.Selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity is increased in healthy post-menopausal women.
- In a placebo-controlled study of 20 women with menstrual migraine, 360 mg of magnesium per day for two months reduced premenstrual complaints and headache days more than placebo, and magnesium levels in white blood cells rose.Magnesium prophylaxis of menstrual migraine: effects on intracellular magnesium.
- In 19 early postmenopausal women, 1000 mg of calcium given as two 500 mg doses reduced bone resorption markers during the day and in fasting urine, but had little effect overnight and a small effect over 24 hours.Inhibition of bone resorption by divided-dose calcium supplementation in early postmenopausal women.
- In 10 women with normal cycles, a higher manganese intake of 5.6 mg daily for about 39 days, compared with 1.0 mg daily, was linked to fewer premenstrual mood and pain symptoms.Dietary calcium and manganese effects on menstrual cycle symptoms.
- In pregnant women, vitamin A supplementation raised blood progesterone more than in unsupplemented women, while estrogen levels did not change.Effect of vitamin A supplementation of plasma progesterone and estradiol levels during pregnancy.
- In a small placebo-controlled study of women with premenstrual tension, a multivitamin and multimineral supplement that corrected vitamin B6 and magnesium deficiencies improved symptoms at the appropriate dose.Clinical and biochemical effects of nutritional supplementation on the premenstrual syndrome.
- This article proposes that folic acid may reduce hot flushes in postmenopausal women, based on a proposed brain-chemical mechanism and preliminary data. The abstract gives no participant numbers, doses, durations or results, so the claim that it cures hot flushes is unconfirmed.Folic acid supplementation cures hot flushes in postmenopausal women.
- In 897 adolescent girls given weekly high-dose vitamin D (50,000 IU cholecalciferol) for 9 weeks, the share with premenstrual syndrome fell from 14.9% to 4.8%, with fewer symptoms such as backache and crying.High dose vitamin D supplementation can improve menstrual problems, dysmenorrhea, and premenstrual syndrome in adolescen…
- In 244 women trying to conceive, taking a combined micronutrient product that includes selenium for 3 months was linked to higher blood levels of a fertility marker, but there was no control group.The effect of micronutrient supplementation on serum anti-Mullerian hormone levels: a retrospective pilot study.
- In 76 women aged 60 and older with low bone density, adding a daily 1.0 mcg dose of alfacalcidol (a vitamin D form) to low-dose estrogen therapy for 2 years raised lumbar bone density more than estrogen therapy alone (8.75% vs 2.32% at 24 months).Randomized trial comparing low-dose hormone replacement therapy and HRT plus 1alpha-OH-vitamin D3 (alfacalcidol) for tre…
- In 49 postmenopausal women followed in an open-label extension for up to 5 years, calcium and vitamin D with or without estrogen therapy was linked to small increases in jawbone mass.Estrogen and/or calcium plus vitamin D increase mandibular bone mass.
- In an open-label pilot study of 41 women with premenstrual syndrome, a 250 mg modified-release magnesium tablet taken over three menstrual cycles lowered total symptom scores by about a third, with only one mild side effect (vertigo).Pilot study of the efficacy and safety of a modified-release magnesium 250 mg tablet (Sincromag) for the treatment of pr…
- In 32 women with menopause-transition symptoms, taking 250 mg nicotinamide riboside plus 50 mg pterostilbene daily for 7 days significantly reduced how often and how strongly bloating, hot flashes and poor sleep occurred, with no placebo group for comparison.Nicotinamide riboside and pterostilbene reduces frequency and severity of undesirable symptoms of the menopause transiti…
- In a single-group pilot of 40 women taking a multinutrient supplement that contained chromium, magnesium, zinc, iron, vitamins D, B6 and C, saffron, chamomile and omega-3 fats for three menstrual cycles, premenstrual and menstrual symptom scores fell, and 88% of participants said the supplement reduced their symptom severity. The study had no placebo group and the chromium dose was not stated.Self-Reported Changes in Premenstrual and Menstrual Symptoms among Females Taking a Novel Multinutrient Supplement: A Pi…
- In 39 older African American women given riboflavin-spiked wheat bran cereal for about 5 to 6 weeks, plasma vitamin A, E and carotenoid levels did not change significantly, while plasma retinol was higher in postmenopausal women.Plasma carotenoid and vitamins a and e concentrations in older African American women after wheat bran supplementation: …
- In a pilot study of 37 postmenopausal women with vaginal symptoms, a zinc-containing vaginal gel used daily for 2 weeks improved vaginal health scores and reduced dryness, burning and pain, with few side effects; there was no control group.Zinc-containing Vaginal Moisturizer Gel Improves Postmenopausal Vulvovaginal Symptoms: A Pilot Study.
- In 30 menopausal women with moderate dry eye, 30 days of eye drops containing vitamin B12 and hyaluronic acid reduced dry eye symptoms and improved tear stability. The study had no comparison group, and the drops were applied to the eyes, not taken by mouth.Efficacy of hyaluronic acid 0.3%, cyanocobalamin, electrolytes, and P-Plus in menopause patients with moderate dry eye d…
- In 29 postmenopausal women with hip or spine fractures, menaquinone-4 at 0.5 mg daily roughly halved undercarboxylated osteocalcin, a bone protein marker, and 5 mg daily halved it again over 9 weeks; 45 mg daily gave no extra benefit.Maximal dose-response of vitamin-K2 (menaquinone-4) on undercarboxylated osteocalcin in women with osteoporosis.
- In a pilot study of 29 breast cancer patients with hot flashes, magnesium oxide at 400 mg daily, raised to 800 mg if needed, for 4 weeks reduced hot flash scores by about 50%, with 14 of 25 finishing patients improving by more than half; there was no placebo group.A pilot phase II trial of magnesium supplements to reduce menopausal hot flashes in breast cancer patients.
- In 22 healthy women within 5 years of menopause, a single 1 gram calcium load, given with calcium as the chloride salt, lowered bone breakdown markers in urine and reduced parathyroid hormone. The study does not isolate the chloride itself.Calcium supplementation suppresses bone resorption in early postmenopausal women.
- In 15 healthy postmenopausal women, taking 7.5 mg of folic acid daily for one month improved blood vessel flexibility by 37% compared with before supplementation, though there was no placebo group.Endothelial function in post-menopausal women: effect of folic acid supplementation.
- In 8 female elite athletes with low estrogen, taking 10 mg of vitamin K daily for one month increased bone-building markers by 15-20% and reduced bone-breakdown markers by 20-25%, with no placebo group for comparison.Improved bone metabolism in female elite athletes after vitamin K supplementation.
- In women aged 50 to 69, three retinol peel treatments with vitamin C increased skin surface oil on the face and neck, with no comparison group.Influence of the complex of retinol-vitamin C on skin surface lipids.
- In a large European cohort of about 335,000 women, a dietary pattern rich in riboflavin, vitamin C, folate and other vegetable, fruit and cereal nutrients was linked to a lower risk of breast cancer, including hormone receptor-positive tumors. Riboflavin was not studied alone.A treelet transform analysis to relate nutrient patterns to the risk of hormonal receptor-defined breast cancer in the E…
- In a large study of over 181,000 US nurses followed for up to 34 years, neither dietary nor supplemental vitamin C was linked to breast cancer risk, including among postmenopausal women and those using hormone therapy.Dietary and Supplemental Vitamin C Intake and Risk of Breast Cancer: Results from the Nurses' Health Studies.
- In a large study of about 35,000 postmenopausal women, riboflavin intake from diet and supplements was not significantly linked to breast cancer risk, while high folate intake averaged over 10 years was linked to lower risk.Folate and one-carbon metabolism nutrients from supplements and diet in relation to breast cancer risk.
- In an Italian cohort of about 10,800 women followed for 16.5 years, the highest riboflavin intake was linked to about half the breast cancer risk of the lowest intake, with the lower risk seen in estrogen and progesterone receptor-positive tumors.Micronutrients Involved in One-Carbon Metabolism and Risk of Breast Cancer Subtypes.
- In a large cross-sectional health check study of healthy adults, women had higher vitamin B12 levels and less vitamin B12 deficiency than men, and the authors said estrogen effects did not explain the difference; this study did not test a supplement for hormones.Vitamin B12 Deficiency and the Role of Gender: A Cross-Sectional Study of a Large Cohort.
- In a Korean study of about 7,100 women, each extra 1 mg of daily vitamin B2 intake was linked to 45% lower odds of metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women.Effects of heavy metal, vitamin, and curry consumption on metabolic syndrome during menopause: a Korean community-based …
- In a large US survey of naturally menopausal women, vitamin B2 (riboflavin) was among the nutrients linked to a longer reproductive lifespan within a combined nutrient model, though this cross-sectional study cannot show cause.Association of dietary nutrient intake with reproductive lifespan in women: a cross-sectional analysis using weighted qu…
- In a survey of 4186 Japanese women aged 45 to 55, the highest calcium intake tertile was linked to later menopause, though the abstract notes this may reflect other factors and does not establish cause.Association of diet and other lifestyle with onset of menopause in Japanese women.
- In a large French cohort followed for about 13 years, higher iron stores were linked to lower later cognitive scores in some women, especially postmenopausal women and premenopausal women over 46, but not in men.Midlife iron status is inversely associated with subsequent cognitive performance, particularly in perimenopausal women.
- In a large observational study of 3907 postmenopausal women taking a daily combination of raloxifene and 800 IU vitamin D for 6 months, quality of life scores improved with no serious adverse events, though the study had no placebo group.Quality of life and patient satisfaction with raloxifene/cholecalciferol combination therapy in postmenopausal women.
- In a large national US survey, women with higher dietary selenium intake had lower odds of having endometriosis, with the highest intake group about 34% lower risk, though this cross-sectional study cannot prove cause.Association between dietary selenium intake and endometriosis risk: a cross-sectional analysis.
- In a prospective cohort of 3720 women, the higher hypertension risk linked to premenstrual syndrome was weaker among women with high thiamine and riboflavin intakes.Premenstrual Syndrome and Subsequent Risk of Hypertension in a Prospective Study.
- In Korean postmenopausal women, riboflavin intake showed different links to sleep duration depending on time since menopause: above certain intake levels it was linked to lower sleep in early menopause and to higher odds of long sleep in late menopause.The dietary factors associated with sleep duration in postmenopausal middle-aged women: a cross-sectional study using 20…
- In a nested case-control study of about 3000 women, higher thiamine intake from food was linked to a lower risk of developing premenstrual syndrome over 10 years.Dietary B vitamin intake and incident premenstrual syndrome.
- In a large study of about 3,000 women followed for 10 years, manganese intake was not linked to the risk of premenstrual syndrome.Intake of selected minerals and risk of premenstrual syndrome.
- In 2591 men and women in the Framingham Heart Study, women with the lowest dietary vitamin K intake had lower bone density at the hip and spine than women with the highest intake, while no association was found in men.Vitamin K intake and bone mineral density in women and men.
- In 2544 men and women in the Framingham Offspring Study, higher dietary intake of dihydrophylloquinone, a vitamin K form in foods made with partially hydrogenated fat, was linked to lower bone density at the hip and spine.Dihydrophylloquinone intake is associated with low bone mineral density in men and women.
- In 2198 women with early breast cancer, using vitamin E supplements was linked to reporting moderate or severe hot flashes at enrollment.Dietary factors and vasomotor symptoms in breast cancer survivors: the WHEL Study.
- In a cross-sectional survey of 2084 pre- and postmenopausal women, higher thiamine intake was linked to longer habitual sleep, though this was an association and not a trial.Higher intakes of nutrients and regular drinking are associated with habitual sleep duration in pre- and postmenopausal …
- In 1,850 US adults aged 40 to 80, grip strength was linked to bone density, with serum phosphorus only used as a statistical adjustment and not as a studied exposure.Association between grip strength and bone mineral density in general US population of NHANES 2013-2014.
- In a national survey of 1783 women, lower thiamine intake was linked to a higher risk of very short sleep in premenopausal and perimenopausal women.Associations between Diet and Sleep Duration in Different Menopausal Stages.
- In 1700 healthy postmenopausal Danish women, higher riboflavin intake was correlated with higher femoral neck bone density in women with the MTHFR TT genotype, and riboflavin was the strongest dietary predictor of that bone density.Are effects of MTHFR (C677T) genotype on BMD confined to women with low folate and riboflavin intake? Analysis of food r…
- In 1604 men and women in the Framingham Heart Study, low blood vitamin K levels were linked to low bone density, and in postmenopausal women not using estrogen, low vitamin K1 was linked to low spine bone density.Associations between vitamin K biochemical measures and bone mineral density in men and women.
- In a national survey of 1,467 Korean postmenopausal women, those who got less riboflavin (vitamin B2) than the recommended average had higher odds of osteoporosis.Poor Socioeconomic and Nutritional Status Are Associated with Osteoporosis in Korean Postmenopausal Women: Data from the…
- In over 1,200 women with regular cycles, having low vitamin D (under 30 ng/ml) was linked to more breast fullness, tenderness and aches before periods, but not to mood symptoms.Markers of vitamin D metabolism and premenstrual symptoms in healthy women with regular cycles.
- In 1108 French women aged 35 to 60, higher selenium status was linked to smaller thyroid size and lower odds of goiter, suggesting a possible protective effect, based on a cross-sectional study.Association of selenium with thyroid volume and echostructure in 35- to 60-year-old French adults.
- In a study of 1,082 midlife women followed about 4 years, urinary manganese was not reported as linked to the timing of natural menopause, while arsenic and lead were linked to earlier menopause.Urinary metals and metal mixtures and timing of natural menopause in midlife women: The Study of Women's Health Across t…
- In 1,041 older Latina women, adjusting for folate and vitamin B12 did not change the link between hormone therapy, homocysteine, and thinking skills.Hormone replacement therapy and cognitive performance: the role of homocysteine.
- In a cross-sectional study of 1036 women, higher thiamine intake was linked to lower blood levels of 27-hydroxycholesterol, a marker with unclear health meaning.Association between lifestyle, dietary, reproductive, and anthropometric factors and circulating 27-hydroxycholesterol i…
- In 998 young women, those with low vitamin D levels had higher odds of some premenstrual symptoms, such as confusion, cramps, fatigue and anxiety, but not of others.Association between Vitamin D Status and Premenstrual Symptoms.
- In 915 healthy North Indian adults, serum phosphate was higher in post-menopausal women than in pre-menopausal women, and this was a reference-value survey rather than a test of phosphorus intake.Metabolic Bone Profile of Healthy Adult North Indian Population from Chandigarh Urban Bone Epidemiological Study (CUBES)…
- In 803 women with breast tumors, usual dietary folate intake was not linked to whether certain cancer-related genes were switched off by methylation, compared with lower intake.Promoter methylation of E-cadherin, p16, and RAR-β(2) genes in breast tumors and dietary intake of nutrients important i…
- In a cross-sectional study of 775 white women aged 45 to 64, higher dietary vitamin C was linked to higher bone density at the hip, with a statistically significant link only in women eating at least 500 mg of calcium a day and no clear link at the spine overall.The relation of dietary vitamin C intake to bone mineral density: results from the PEPI study.
- In 662 midlife Asian women, higher blood levels of thiamine monophosphate were linked to lower fasting insulin, higher good cholesterol, and lower metabolic syndrome scores, but this was an observational association.Plasma vitamin profiles and their associations with metabolic health and mental wellbeing in midlife Asian women.
- In a retrospective survey of 630 women with premenstrual syndrome, daily pyridoxine doses of 100 to 200 mg were reported to give good or partial relief in most patients, with no reports of nerve damage.Pyridoxine in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome: a retrospective survey in 630 patients.
- In a nested case-control study of 276 breast cancer cases and matched controls, higher plasma riboflavin was linked to lower breast cancer risk, but only among premenopausal women.Plasma Riboflavin and Vitamin B-6, but Not Homocysteine, Folate, or Vitamin B-12, Are Inversely Associated with Breast C…
- In 546 early breast cancer patients, vitamin A intake showed no significant link to tumour size or lymph node involvement.Dietary exposures and other factors of possible prognostic significance in relation to tumour size and nodal involvement…
- In 530 postmenopausal women, blood vitamin D levels were not clearly linked to menopause symptoms such as sleep problems, mood, or fatigue.Vitamin D levels and menopause-related symptoms.
- In a survey of 496 premenopausal black South African women, dietary folate intake was assessed by food questionnaire; 46.2% to 62.2% of women across the micronutrients iron, selenium, folate and vitamin C consumed two-thirds or less of the recommended amount. The study did not measure hormone outcomes.An analysis of dietary micronutrient intakes in two age groups of black South African women.
- In 393 women aged 45 to 53, vitamin D supplement use was not significantly associated with heel ultrasound bone measures, and hormone replacement therapy also showed no significant association.Correlates of quantitative ultrasound in the Women's Healthy Lifestyle Project.
- In 374 women with postmenopausal osteoporosis, lower blood vitamin K1 was linked to having prior fractures and was independently associated with fracture risk.Serum vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) is associated with fracture risk and hip strength in post-menopausal osteoporosis: A cr…
- In 339 menopausal women, higher fibrinogen was linked to lower bone density, with blood phosphorus only used as an adjustment variable and not as a studied factor.Inverse association between bone mineral density and fibrinogen in menopausal women.
- In a survey of 310 Australian women, vitamins including B6 were among the treatments women found most effective for premenstrual symptoms, yet women who took vitamin B6 had higher overall symptom scores.Premenstrual symptoms in general practice patients. Prevalence and treatment.
- In a cross-sectional study of 300 female students, those with premenstrual syndrome had significantly lower blood vitamin D levels than healthy controls, though this does not show that vitamin D supplementation relieves symptoms.Comparison of serum level of some trace elements and vitamin D between patients with premenstrual syndrome and normal co…
- In a study of blood clotting problems and eye blood vessel blockages, 5 mg daily folic acid with vitamins B6 and B12 normalized high homocysteine in 13 of 16 people with that problem, though the study did not test folate against placebo for clot outcomes.Thrombophilia and retinal vascular occlusion.
- In people with diabetes, bone mineral density was lowest in those with conditions that impair calcium absorption or those with reduced dietary calcium intake, but this was an observational comparison and no calcium supplement was given.[Diabetic osteopathies. 3. The effect of diabetic complications on bone mineralization].
- In Spanish postmenopausal women, higher folic acid levels were linked to lower homocysteine levels, which are a cardiovascular risk marker.[Influence of menopausal status in homocysteine plasma levels].
- In a cross-sectional study of 249 women aged 50 to 84 after menopause, blood phosphorus levels were measured but were not linked to grip strength. Older age, higher body fat and lower bone density were linked to weaker grip. Phosphorus was not given as a supplement.Handgrip strength, dynapenia, and related factors in postmenopausal women.
- In an online survey of 204 women, higher thiamine intake from food was associated with fewer psychological menstrual symptoms.Menstrual cycle symptoms are associated with nutrient intake: Results from network analysis from an online survey.
- In 200 premenopausal women, blood phosphorus was similar in obese and non-obese women, while magnesium was lower and lipids were higher in the obese group.Appraisal of Minerals, Fasting Blood Glucose, and Lipid Parameters in Obese and Nonobese Premenopausal Women.
- In 189 healthy postmenopausal women followed for 7 years, those who lost teeth had greater bone loss at the whole body, hip, and spine than those who kept their teeth, though vitamin D and calcium were given as study treatments and not the variable tested.Increased risk of tooth loss is related to bone loss at the whole body, hip, and spine.
- In 91 women with type 2 diabetes and 91 matched women without diabetes, homocysteine levels rose after menopause in both groups, but this effect was weaker after adjusting for other factors. Vitamin B12 was measured but was not given as a treatment.Menopause modulates homocysteine levels in diabetic and non-diabetic women.
- In 152 postmenopausal Mexican-American women, higher red blood cell folate was among the factors linked to greater bone density at some skeletal sites.Factors contributing to skeletal health of postmenopausal Mexican-American women.
- Mouth discomfort was more common in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women than in premenopausal women, and it often eased with hormone replacement. Vitamin B12 was measured in blood but was not given as a treatment.Oral discomfort at menopause.
- In women aged 30 to 50 with central obesity, higher riboflavin intake from food was associated with milder premenstrual symptoms in a cross-sectional study of 139 women.Factors associated with the severity of premenstrual symptoms in women with central obesity: a cross-sectional study.
- In 128 women with severe obesity, low vitamin D was linked to age over 40 and low calcium intake, but not to body fat measures; menopause was not kept as a significant factor in the final model.Vitamin D in women with class II/III obesity: Findings from the DieTBra trial.
- In 128 healthy women, higher homocysteine was linked to lower estradiol and to worse blood vessel function across menopause stages. Women who ate less vitamin B12 in their diet had lower intake after menopause, but B12 was not given as a supplement.Elevated plasma homocysteine and cysteine are associated with endothelial dysfunction across menopausal stages in health…
- In 124 postmenopausal women, a dietary nutrient pattern that included vitamin K was linked to lower odds of osteopenia, though the pattern contained many other nutrients as well.Nutrient Patterns and Risk of Osteopenia in Postmenopausal Women.
- In 124 postmenopausal women, those with the highest dietary selenium intake (about 94 mcg or more per day) were far less likely to have osteoporosis, based on a cross-sectional study.Dietary consumption of selenium inversely associated with osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.
- In 123 healthy women, those using estrogen-containing contraceptives had lower kynurenic acid, and riboflavin (vitamin B2) status was negatively associated with their inflammation marker CRP.Lower levels of the neuroprotective tryptophan metabolite, kynurenic acid, in users of estrogen contraceptives.
- In 111 elderly women, estrogen hormone therapy was not linked to lower vitamin B12 levels or worse B12 status compared with women not taking hormones, and may have been slightly better.Hormone replacement therapy and cobalamin status in elderly women.
- In 108 women, lower dietary intake of vitamin B6 was linked to more severe premenstrual symptoms in some groups, but this survey did not test a supplement and cannot show cause.Premenstrual syndrome and beyond: lifestyle, nutrition, and personal facts.
- In 101 women aged 54 to 81, higher riboflavin intake from diet diaries was positively correlated with bone mineral density at the spine and femoral neck.The Relationship between Nutrient Patterns and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women.
- In 100 healthy euthyroid people, thyroid iodine uptake showed no relationship with estrogen ingestion, age, sex, or urinary iodine, and the study defined normal uptake ranges using a lower-radiation iodine tracer.Thyroid uptake of 123I in a normal population.
- In a retrospective check-up study of 98 adults, the bone protein osteocalcin was linked to lower blood sugar and insulin resistance, but not to coronary artery plaque. Phosphorus was only measured in the blood and was not given as a supplement.Association of Serum Osteocalcin with Insulin Resistance and Coronary Atherosclerosis.
- In a cross-sectional study of 97 postmenopausal women, calcium intake was a significant predictor of body fat and lean mass, though the abstract does not state the direction of that link.Increased 2-hydroxylation of estrogen is associated with lower body fat and increased lean body mass in postmenopausal w…
- In 95 postmenopausal women, those with reduced bone mineral density had lower vitamin K1 and K2 levels than women with normal bone density.Serum vitamin K level and bone mineral density in post-menopausal women.
- In 90 free-living Canadian women with an average age of 66, average dietary chromium intake was about 96 micrograms a day from food, and 22% had intakes below the US suggested safe limit. The study looked only at dietary intake and did not test a health outcome.Dietary chromium and manganese intakes of a selected sample of Canadian elderly women.
- In 89 healthy postmenopausal women, folate levels were measured alongside estrogen receptor gene variants, but the study did not show a folate effect on homocysteine or nitric oxide.Evidence for associations between common polymorphisms of estrogen receptor beta gene with homocysteine and nitric oxide…
- In 87 post-menopausal women with osteoporosis or osteopenia, blood phosphorus was not significantly related to bone density overall, though one correlation with femoral neck density was found.Relation between Biochemical Parameters and Bone Density in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis.
- In 63 perimenopausal Irish women, vitamin D intake was below dietary guidelines, but the study did not report a link between vitamin D and symptom severity.Nutrient Intake and Menopausal Symptoms in Perimenopausal Women.
- Blood copper levels were similar in 40 women with premenstrual tension syndrome and 20 controls, while magnesium levels were lower in the syndrome group.Plasma copper, zinc and magnesium levels in patients with premenstrual tension syndrome.
- In 60 women with premenstrual or menopausal heart rhythm symptoms, adding sex hormones to combined treatment led to significantly more patients with lasting improvement and fully normal heart tracings. Potassium chloride was used as a diagnostic test, not as a supplement.[Diagnosis and treatment of autonomic-dysovarian myocardial dystrophy in patients with premenstrual and climacteric synd…
- In a retrospective study of 45 symptomatic menopausal women over 3 months, a pollen cytoplasm product with vitamin D and vitamin K2 raised vitamin D levels, lowered a bone breakdown marker, and improved vasomotor and mood symptoms compared with controls.Beneficial Effects of Purified Cytoplasm of Pollen Associated with Vitamin D and Vitamin K2 on Menopausal Symptoms and B…
- In 44 postmenopausal women, plasma manganese levels were similar whether or not they used combined hormone replacement therapy.Trace mineral status in post menopausal women: impact of hormonal replacement therapy.
- In 43 women followed for 11 to 14 years after menopause, dietary magnesium was not linked to spinal bone loss; dietary iron was linked to better bone maintenance instead.Dietary determinants of post-menopausal bone loss at the lumbar spine: a possible beneficial effect of iron.
- Women taking low-estrogen oral contraceptives had lower blood vitamin B12 levels than women not taking them, and their folate levels were also lower after a folate load. The study concluded that folate and B12 status did not seem to be at risk.Sub-50 oral contraceptives affect folate kinetics.
- In 38 Syrian postmenopausal women, those with osteoporosis had much lower blood vitamin K1 than healthy controls, and vitamin K1 levels tracked with lumbar spine bone density.Relation Between Circulating Vitamin K1 and Osteoporosis in the Lumbar Spine in Syrian Post-Menopausal Women.
- In 35 women with breast cancer, vitamin B12 levels rose during chemotherapy, and homocysteine also rose, with the rise linked to menopausal status; this study did not give vitamin B12 as a supplement, so it shows no benefit for hormones.Systemic chemotherapy interferes in homocysteine metabolism in breast cancer patients.
- In a small study of 23 postmenopausal women, dietary vitamin C intake did not differ between women with osteoporosis and healthy controls, though age and years since menopause did differ.[Nutrition and osteoporosis: a nutritional analysis of women in postmenopause].
- In 22 women followed for 5 years through menopause, higher dietary vitamin D intake was linked to less bone loss in the distal radius, while higher parathyroid hormone was tied to more bone loss.Menopausal bone loss is partially regulated by dietary intake of vitamin D.
- In 22 women comparing premenopausal and postmenopausal groups, with and without hormone replacement therapy, neither group met national recommendations for folate intake. Hormone replacement therapy did not change energy or macronutrient intake, and the study did not test folate supplementation.Dietary and metabolic differences in pre- versus postmenopausal women taking or not taking hormone replacement therapy.
- Women starting oral contraceptives containing 30 or 50 micrograms of estrogen had serum ascorbic acid levels drop by about 30% to 42% within the first few months.Metabolic effects of oral contraceptives containing 30 micrograms and 50 micrograms of oestrogen.
- Postmenopausal women had significantly lower blood vitamin C levels, and lower antioxidant enzyme levels, than premenopausal women aged 30 to 60.Status of trace elements and antioxidants in premenopausal and postmenopausal phase of life: a comparative study.
- Women with the highest dietary vitamin D intake (median 528 IU a day) had a 17% lower risk of early menopause than women with the lowest intake.Vitamin D and calcium intake and risk of early menopause.
- In a retrospective pilot of perimenopausal and menopausal women, a Mediterranean diet with a supplement containing vitamin B1 improved cholesterol levels, but the thiamine effect cannot be separated from the other components.Synergistic effects of Mediterranean diet combined with phytosterol-based supplements and omega-3 fatty acids on lipid p…
- In Chinese women followed in a cohort study, riboflavin intake was not associated with breast cancer risk, while high folate intake was linked to lower risk in premenopausal women.Dietary B vitamin and methionine intakes and breast cancer risk among Chinese women.
- In a large US national health survey, blood vitamin B12 stayed fairly stable across the stages of menopause. Vitamin B12 was not given as a supplement in this study.Menopause and age-driven changes in blood level of fat- and water-soluble vitamins.
- In a study of women living with HIV in Cambodia, menopausal symptom severity was linked to calcium supplement use, but the abstract does not say whether calcium helped or worsened symptoms.Menopausal symptoms and associated factors in women living with HIV in Cambodia.
- In a cross-sectional study of daughters, mothers and grandmothers from 10 Ohio families, selenium status was lowest in the oldest generation and rose with blood estrogen levels, though intakes were similar across groups.Generational differences in selenium status of women.
- In women from the SU.VI.MAX cohort, higher blood selenium was linked to higher blood apolipoprotein A1 and ferritin, which may partly explain differences by hormone therapy and age, without a clear health benefit shown.Relationships between selenium, lipids, iron status and hormonal therapy in women of the SU.VI.M.AX cohort.
- This observational study of middle-aged women in Dresden found that serum selenium rose between 1990 and 1996 after German reunification changed the food supply, and that menopausal status did not change selenium levels; it did not measure any hormone outcome and gives no supplement dose.Food supply abundant increase of serum selenium concentrations in middle-aged Dresden women between 1990 and 1996. DRECA…
- In 20 women with suspected breast tumors, a tracer form of vitamin B12 was taken up more strongly by some tumors, and a single dose of B12 or dexamethasone boosted tracer uptake in mouse tumors; this was an imaging study, not a test of health benefit.Imaging Cobalamin Uptake within Malignant Breast Tumors In Vivo.
- Adding vitamin D to estrogen hormone replacement was reported to work better than hormone replacement alone for preventing bone loss after menopause.[Effect of combination treatment with estrogen and vitamin D3 on postmenopausal boneless].
- Estrogen treatment in postmenopausal women raised bone mineral content, but serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels did not change significantly.Calcitonin, estrogens and the bone.
- In a double-blind study of women with premenstrual syndrome, vitamin E significantly reduced some breast symptoms compared with placebo.Evaluation and treatment of breast symptoms in patients with the premenstrual syndrome.
- Women starting low-estrogen oral contraceptives had lower red blood cell riboflavin levels within the first months of use, along with changes in other vitamin status markers.Effect of oral contraceptive agents on vitamin nutrition status.
- Women using oral contraceptives had riboflavin intake similar to controls, but urinary riboflavin was lower in the higher socioeconomic group, and supplement users in that group had higher urinary riboflavin.Effect of oral contraceptive agents on nutrients: II. Vitamins.
- A genome-wide analysis tested whether gene-environment interactions, including dietary folate intake, relate to colorectal cancer risk and found pathways and genes of interest. It did not measure hormone outcomes in women and does not show a health effect of folate.Using gene-environment interactions to explore pathways for colorectal cancer risk.
- In lab and mouse experiments, iodine boosted estrogen receptor activity and growth of estrogen-sensitive breast cancer cells, and breast cancer patients had higher urinary iodine, which the authors linked to antiseptic use during surgery rather than diet.Iodine stimulates estrogen receptor singling and its systemic level is increased in surgical patients due to topical abs…
- A 1989 nursing journal report says a daily magnesium supplement helped premenstrual tension in a recent trial, but gives no trial details or numbers.Easing PMT with magnesium intakes.
- In genetically modified mice, a synthetic retinoid called LGD1069, which targets one vitamin A receptor, suppressed the development of breast tumors that do not respond to estrogen, with minimal toxicity; this was an animal study, not a human trial.The retinoid X receptor-selective retinoid, LGD1069, prevents the development of estrogen receptor-negative mammary tumo…
- In ovariectomized rats, all-trans-retinoic acid, a form of vitamin A, reduced the uterine weight increase caused by bisphenol A, but did not change cell growth or cell death markers in the uterus; this was an animal study, not a human trial.Retinoic acid inhibits uterotrophic activity of bisphenol A in adult ovariectomized rats.
- In female rats, maternal exposure to chromium in drinking water reduced ovarian hormone production and delayed puberty in offspring, and a drug called edaravone lessened much of this damage.Edaravone mitigates hexavalent chromium-induced oxidative stress and depletion of antioxidant enzymes while estrogen res…
- In female rats, chromium in drinking water given to nursing mothers lowered estradiol levels and increased ovarian cell death and oxidative stress in their daughters, while resveratrol from grapes partly reversed these effects.Resveratrol protects the ovary against chromium-toxicity by enhancing endogenous antioxidant enzymes and inhibiting meta…
Review Totals and Summary
Members Only43,102 reviews · 96% positive
Centrum Women tablets get mostly warm feedback across the stores, with about 40,402 ratings in total. The written comments lean positive, and the complaints are mainly about shipments arriving close to expiry, plus some swallowing and stomach issues reported on one store page. **What buyers say it did for them:** Many reviewers describe general satisfaction and steady daily use. One says they have "been taking centrum women for years and feel they do their job." Another calls it "excellent support for your system." One buyer expects skin and hair effects: "you can search feeling the effect after 1 mouth on your skin and hair." Immune support is also mentioned. The CVS summary adds that some reviewers say it keeps them energized and helps hair and immunity. Note that one of the praising reviews was marked as incentivized. **What buyers complain about:** The sharpest complaints are about stock condition, not the vitamin itself. One buyer found damaged outer packaging and a product "close to its expiration date." Another says it was "expiring in less than 90 days." A third reports that a 250-tablet bottle held only 200 and had an early expiry date. The CVS summary also mentions stomach discomfort when taken without food. The Walmart page shows 12 percent of ratings at one or two stars, but the reasons behind them are not visible there. **Taste, smell, size and form:** Opinions on the tablet are generally good. One reviewer calls it "great size and quality" and says the taste is nice. Another says the "size of the bell is good." The CVS summary says the tablets are not too big and have no bad smell, though some found them hard to swallow at first and said it got easier over time. **Value for money:** Price is a frequent point of praise. Reviewers say "nice centrum and good price" and that the "price is excellent compared to our local products." Another says the price is very good. The CVS summary describes it as an affordable multivitamin. Packaging is also called excellent by one reviewer, though the damaged-package complaint shows this is not consistent. **Who it suits and who it did not:** It seems to suit people who want a familiar, well-known brand and a simple one-a-day multivitamin made for women. Long-term users are especially satisfied. One reviewer calls it a "good name in the supplement world," and another says "centrum women is best." It suited people less if they take it on an empty stomach, per the CVS summary, or if they find tablets hard to swallow. Buyers who order online should check the expiry date, given the complaints above. One reviewer said it was for ages under 15, but that conflicts with the label's note that it is not formulated for children, so it should not be relied on. Reviews of other forms of this product, such as gummies, capsules or powder, were left out; this summary covers the tablets only.
Biohacker Summary
Members Only9 of 10 recommend it
All ten panelists spoke about zinc, the main ingredient, and every one of them either recommends it or uses it, though one gives a caution. The reasons vary: four recommend it for testosterone and prostate function, immune regulation, or help with sleep and blood flow in the late part of the menstrual cycle, while others use it for longevity, gut lining support, wound healing, skin protection, or to help the body take in vitamin C. Forms mentioned include zinc carnosine for the gut and a zinc sunscreen for skin, and one panelist takes 15 mg each morning. One panelist cites a much larger amount taken for a week before surgery and two weeks after, and he warns that overshooting zinc can lead to a copper shortage. Zinc was paired with vitamin C by one panelist and with magnesium by another, and no one said they stopped taking it; vitamin D and magnesium were the most discussed smaller ingredients in this product.
See all 10 biohackers →Hide the biohackers
Dr. Eric Berg · Zinc · recommends
- Recommends ensuring sufficient zinc intake because the prostate needs enough zinc for the conversion from testosterone to DHT to be smooth and optimized.
- Dr. Berg warns that the recommended daily intake for vitamin D is based on a massive error and that the actual necessary amount is closer to 8,895 IU, with millions remaining deficient.
- Recommends getting vitamin D levels tested to ensure they are between 50 and 70, as vitamin D is intimately involved in regulating prostate size.
- Discusses foods that contain Vitamin K2.
- Recommends taking at least 10,000 IUs of vitamin D3 every single day in the winter, stating it is the most important vitamin to lower cancer risk.
- Recommends vitamin D to support the immune system, aiming for blood levels between 80 to 100 ng per ml.
- Dr. Eric Berg states that magnesium supports energy, muscle function, and sleep, and that most of it is stored inside cells, making deficiencies harder to detect with a standard blood test.
- Identifies iron as the Achilles' heel of cancer, as it is needed for its DNA to replicate.
- States that people need more potassium than any other mineral, yet most people aren’t getting enough.
- Notes that magnesium could also be a factor in preventing muscle cramps.
- Explains that potassium is essential for peristalsis, the pumping action through the colon, and without it, things can sit there, leading to constipation.
- Mentions that lemon is loaded with vitamin C, and when combined with coffee, vitamin C significantly increases the bioavailability of antioxidants in the coffee.
- Recommends taking no less than 10,000 IU's of vitamin D3 for osteoporosis, alongside magnesium and K2.
- Recommends increasing vitamin D to restore balance and support healthy blood pressure.
Andrew Huberman · Zinc · uses
- Zinc carnosine to support and improve the lining of your gut.
- Notes that AG1 Pro contains zinc carnosine to support and improve the lining of the gut.
- Discusses Magnesium Threonate as a tool for falling asleep.
- States that AG1 Pro contains zinc carnosine to support and improve the lining of the gut.
- Uses AG1 Pro, which contains zinc carnosine to support and improve the lining of the gut.
- States that AG1 Pro contains zinc carnosine to support and improve the lining of the gut, and he was already taking some of these ingredients separately.
- States that AG1 Pro includes zinc carnosine, which he was already taking separately, to support and improve the lining of the gut.
- Notes that most people are probably deficient in vitamin D and benefit from supplementing, but there's no point in doing it unless you're deficient for most things.
- Personally takes zinc carnosine, which is included in AG1 Pro to support and improve the lining of the gut.
- AG1 Pro has zinc carnosine to support and improve the lining of your gut. Some of these ingredients I personally was already taking separate from the AG1 formula.
- States that AG1 Pro contains zinc carnosine to support and improve the lining of your gut.
- Uses AG1 Pro, which contains zinc carnosine to support and improve the lining of the gut.
- Takes 400 mg of Magnesium Threonate before bed for sleep.
- Takes 5,000 IU of Vitamin D3 in the morning for longevity.
Ben Greenfield · Zinc · warns
- Ben Greenfield's formulation includes 30 grams of zinc a day, taken for one week before surgery and two weeks after, as it is an important cofactor for wound healing.
- Mentions that overshooting zinc can lead to a copper deficiency, highlighting the interplay between these elements.
- Uses magnesium during surgery because it is neuroprotective.
- Mentions a recent study showing no significant increase in bleeding for patients on Vitamin E supplementation during open heart surgery, which was interesting for him to learn.
- States that vitamin C is extremely important for collagen turnover and cites orthopedic data showing that 500 mg to 1 g of vitamin C can reduce the rate of complex regional pain in total knee replacements and wrist fractures.
- Notes that Vitamin D is actually a hormone and recommends patients aim for levels around 40 to 50, or even 60 for fracture healing, for optimal healing, as opposed to just above 20 which is considered normal.
- Says he is drinking LMNT, which contains sodium, potassium, and magnesium, and states that he actually drinks this stuff.
- Says he is drinking LMNT, which contains sodium, potassium, and magnesium, and states that he actually drinks this stuff.
- Notes that Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that supports healthy skin cell turnover.
- Mentions magnesium as part of a bare-minimum protocol.
- Advises getting red blood cell magnesium levels to the high end of the range as a minimum step for overall health and to slow down heart disease.
- Mentions vitamin C as part of a bare-minimum protocol.
- Mentions vitamin D as part of a bare-minimum protocol.
- Advises getting vitamin D levels between 60 and 100 nanograms per milliliter as a minimum step for overall health and to slow down heart disease.
Thomas DeLauer · Zinc · uses
- Adds zinc to their immunity duo because it helps them absorb vitamin C, considering the two together a fantastic combination for fall and winter.
- Uses Element's cans which contain 30 milligram magnesium, finding that electrolytes help his workout performance.
- Uses Element's cans which contain 100 milligram potassium, finding that electrolytes help his workout performance.
- Recommends taking vitamin C along with collagen about an hour before a workout for connective tissue benefits.
- Uses Element's 30 mg magnesium cans first thing in the morning to prime his day and help with workout performance.
- Uses Element's 100 mg potassium cans first thing in the morning to prime his day and help with workout performance.
- Recommends magnesium around the time one would normally break a fast to calm the brain and dull feelings of conditioned hunger.
- Uses vitamin C as part of their immunity duo, stating it is important for boosting the immune system, especially during cold and flu season.
- Uses vitamin D3 in the fall and winter months when getting less sun, as it's important to supplement it then.
- Recommends taking a massive amount of vitamin D simultaneously with an early morning massive breakfast to help reset circadian rhythms and address hyperphagia.
- Recommends Vitamin B12 for mental health and mood, explaining its role in myelination and neurotransmitter production. They specifically recommend a liposomal and micellar form of methylcobalamin B12 for better absorption and to avoid toxicity.
- Recommends zinc, noting it is a cofactor for enzymes that build neurotransmitters, and deficiency can affect mood, happiness, and motivation.
- Recommends magnesium, noting it is a cofactor for enzymes that build neurotransmitters, and deficiency can affect mood, happiness, and motivation.
- Recommends Vitamin D, stating that it has receptors throughout the brain and deficiency can quickly impact brain and mood.
Dave Asprey · Zinc · uses
- Developed a nonnano zinc sunscreen over five years, stating her skin is probably better now than it's ever been.
- Takes Vitamin DAKE from Suppgrade Labs.
- Mentions magnesium in the context of sleep but states that it doesn't address the core issue of waking up during the night.
- Suggests that vitamin D supports brain health, muscle function, and focus.
- Suggests that magnesium may help slow aging, support cellular repair, and improve sleep.
- Recommends taking vitamin C for better skin health.
- States that magnesium can affect how the body responds to a supplement.
- States that folate can affect how the body responds to a supplement.
- Host Dave Asprey explains why correcting a vitamin D deficiency still makes sense for male fertility, even though supplementation did not improve overall semen parameters in a randomized trial.
- States that currently, he is only taking vitamin C and vitamin D.
- States that currently, he is only taking vitamin C and vitamin D.
- Dave Asprey's kids get a little bit of vitamin E every day, which helps to stabilize the bad oils they get when eating at restaurants.
- Recommends taking vitamin K2 with vitamin D to keep calcium in the bones, and suggests kids also take it for stronger bones.
- Recommends Vitamin K2, stating it supports healthy calcium metabolism.
Dr. Mark Hyman · Zinc · uses
- Gave a patient with psoriatic arthritis a little zinc, which contributed to significant improvement in her condition.
- Recommends considering magnesium glycinate before bed for nervous system support, deeper sleep quality, and to help the body transition into rest, and states that they take it every night.
- Recommends Vitamin D for health, stating that amazing things happen when patients' vitamin D statuses reach optimal levels.
- Recommends Magnesium Breakthrough Advanced 10 from Bioptimizers for restful sleep, muscle recovery, stress resilience, and metabolic health, especially during stressful times of the year.
- Mentions vitamin D as an existing biomarker that plays a role in mental health, which Function Health includes in their measurements.
- Mentions iron as an existing biomarker that plays a role in mental health, which Function Health includes in their measurements.
- Notes that taking folate can lower homocysteine levels, which has shown health benefits and physical improvements in brain scans in clinical trials.
- Notes that vitamin D plays a role in immune function.
- Notes that some people may need a little bit extra folate with a supplement.
- Mentions that vitamin A levels can be looked at to get a deep sense of what's happening with nutrient levels.
- Warns that potassium bromate, a dough conditioner banned in the EU, UK, and Canada, is still allowed in U.S. bread.
- Recommends magnesium because it is involved in over 600 reactions in the body and up to 80% of people may have low levels that never get flagged on a standard blood test.
- Recommends magnesium as a basic supplement during detoxification to support pathways, help with constipation, and provide electrolytes.
- Recommends vitamin C as a basic supplement during detoxification to help with inflammation and detoxification.
Dr. Rhonda Patrick · Zinc · recommends
- Notes that not getting enough zinc can affect testosterone, as zinc is very important for testosterone synthesis.
- Magnesium supplementation has lowered blood pressure in randomized controlled trials. An analysis of 34 trials involving over 2,000 participants found modest reductions in both systolic and diastolic pressure, with a median dose of 368 mg/day.
- Warns that some magnesium supplements make the dose look much larger than it really is and that labels can fool people.
- Vitamin D supplementation was linked to a 40% lower risk of dementia in an observational study of more than 12,000 older adults.
- Mentions that vitamin D also plays a role in maintaining muscle mass.
- Mentions magnesium as an important nutrient component for testosterone.
- Recommends men take a 30 milligram zinc supplement for sperm health when preparing for IVF.
- Warns that some supplement companies mislead consumers by listing the total compound weight of magnesium citrate as the elemental magnesium dose, when the actual elemental magnesium content is much lower, potentially around 44-66 milligrams.
- Recommends ensuring adequate vitamin D intake for men's sperm health.
- Recommends ensuring adequate methyl folate intake, ideally through a prenatal vitamin, for women preparing for IVF.
- Vitamin D and strength training alone did not, but adding them strengthened the effect on one clock, with the full combination slowing that measure by ~3.8 months.
- States there is not yet strong, consistent evidence that magnesium supplementation reliably improves sleep, noting that while some meta-analyses suggest it can improve sleep quality scores, sleep efficiency, and sleep duration, individual studies are inconsistent and several have found no meaningful effect.
- Lutein and zeaxanthin can also be obtained from certain multivitamins.
- Lutein and zeaxanthin can also be obtained from certain multivitamins.
Siim Land · Zinc · recommends
- States that deficiencies in nutrients such as zinc can impair normal immune regulation.
- Advises against taking vitamin D in the morning with other supplements because it is fat soluble and requires dietary fat for better absorption.
- Recommends taking Vitamin D with fat for better absorption.
- Recommends taking vitamin C with collagen to support joint collagen synthesis.
- States that Magnesium can be a useful addition for some people for sleep.
- States that Vitamin D connects biology to light and that UVB reaching the skin enables its production.
- States that vitamin C is needed for initiating collagen synthesis and that higher vitamin C intake appears to increase vitamin C content in the skin.
- Mentions that iron is a mineral necessary for making collagen.
- Mentions that copper is a mineral necessary for making collagen.
- Recommends magnesium for sleep, especially deep sleep, and suggests trying better types like Threonate, Biscinate, or Torate, referencing a study where magnesium supplementation improved deep sleep.
- Notes that Vitamin K2 helps activate proteins involved in bone mineralization and calcium regulation.
- Mentions that prunes contain vitamin K, which is a factor in their ability to help with bone density.
- Recommends Magnesium for blood pressure, migraines and deficiency, based primarily on human research, especially randomized controlled trials showing measurable benefits.
- Recommends Vitamin K2 for bone health and calcium metabolism, based primarily on human research, especially randomized controlled trials showing measurable benefits.
Bryan Johnson · Zinc · uses
- Takes 15 mg of Zinc in the morning for longevity.
- Takes 90 mcg of Vitamin K2 in the morning for general health.
- Takes 5000 IU of Vitamin D3 in the morning for general health.
- Takes 400 mg of Magnesium Threonate before bed for sleep.
- Takes 5000 IU of Vitamin D3 in the morning for general health.
- Takes 400 mg of Magnesium L-Threonate before bed for sleep.
- Has had low iron for 11 years and despite eating meat and trying all forms of iron supplementation at different times and sequences, none of it worked to raise his iron or ferritin levels.
- Had low iron for 11 years, with ferritin averaging 38 ng/mL, and has finally boosted it back to healthy levels.
- Mentions that the sunlight assessment claims low vitamin D levels cause the immune system to misfire, and notes that their vitamin D has been measured.
- Takes 100 mcg of Vitamin K2 in the morning for longevity.
- Takes 5000 IU of Vitamin D3 in the morning for longevity.
- Takes 400 mg of Magnesium Threonate before bed for sleep.
- He takes 100 mcg of Vitamin K2 in the morning for general health.
- He takes 5000 IU of Vitamin D3 in the morning for general health.
Peter Attia · Zinc · recommends
- Suggests that zinc and magnesium could potentially help with vasodilation and sleep, particularly for women experiencing severe symptoms in the luteal phase.
- States there is some evidence that increasing dietary potassium through potassium-rich foods like bananas and potatoes, rather than supplements, can lower blood pressure.
- Peter reviews the evidence for select off-label medications and supplements commonly used for sleep, including glycine, magnesium, ashwagandha, and phosphatidylserine.
- Suggests that zinc and magnesium could potentially help with vasodilation and sleep, particularly for women experiencing severe symptoms in the luteal phase.
- Lists vitamin D as one of her staple supplements.
- Discusses the dangers of supplementing with high levels of iodine.
- Notes that several studies show patients taking vitamin D can reduce TPO levels and prolong the honeymoon period of Hashimoto's disease.
- Warns that high-dose iodine supplementation carries a risk of autoimmune thyroid disease, citing increased incidence in Japan due to higher dietary iodine intake.
- Notes that several studies show patients taking selenium can reduce TPO levels and prolong the honeymoon period of Hashimoto's disease.
- Peter discusses electrolytes and fiber and the ketogenic diet, specifically preventing magnesium loss.
- States that in mouse studies, there was a combined effect of alpha ketoglutarate with vitamin D for both sexes.
- Notes that in mouse studies, there was a combined effect of alpha ketoglutarate with vitamin A for male mice.
- Uses vitamin D as an example of how people might dismiss its efficacy due to failed clinical trials that didn't adjust the dose or measure levels.
- In mouse studies, Peter Attia's team found a combined effect of AKG with Vitamin D for both sexes.
RAL Summary
Members OnlyTier 2 for Hormone Balance for Women
Human studies of Riboflavin show a clear improvement in a meta-analysis of 1,274,060 people (13 of 21 human studies showed an improvement), and 96% of 43102 reviews are positive. The final check notes: The tier was justified by riboflavin, but that evidence is observational food intake linked to breast cancer risk, not a trial showing hormone benefit; the tier is still supported by placebo-controlled zinc trials for premenstrual symptoms at the instructed dose.
Take 3 servings a day (3 tablets) to match the dose that worked in the studies.
Where the evidence disagrees: 117 of the 279 human studies found no effect.
More Details
Members OnlyBody systems · Combine with · Possible side effects
Body systems: Reproductive system, Endocrine system, Skeletal system, Nervous system
Combine with: For thyroid support, consider adding a targeted selenium source (about 100-200 mcg total daily intake, e.g. selenomethionine), since selenium supports T4-to-T3 conversion and helps protect thyroid tissue from oxidative stress. Zinc and vitamin D are also useful, particularly if blood levels are low, and the multivitamin already provides some. Omega-3 fish oil can help manage inflammation, and magnesium glycinate supports energy and sleep. Ashwagandha may help some people with subclinical hypothyroidism, but it should be used only under medical guidance, especially with hyperthyroidism or autoimmune thyroid disease. If you take a med, separate it from this multivitamin (calcium, iron, magnesium) by at least 4 hours. Avoid extra iodine or kelp unless advised by a clinician, and have TSH, free T4, and antibody levels checked before starting.
Possible side effects: Some reviewers report stomach discomfort when taken without food and tablets that are hard to swallow at first. A trial of high-dose vitamin C with vitamin E in women with heart disease suggested possible harm, though at much higher doses than here.
Supplement Facts
Vitamin A 1050 mcg · Vitamin C 75 mg · Vitamin D3 25 mcg
| Vitamin A | 1,050 mcg | |
| Vitamin C | 75 mg | |
| Vitamin D3 | 25 mcg | |
| Vitamin E | 15.8 mg | |
| Vitamin K | 50 mcg | |
| Thiamine | 1.1 mg | |
| Riboflavin | 1.1 mg | |
| Niacin | 14 mg | |
| Vitamin B6 | 2 mg | |
| Folate | 667 mcg DFE | |
| Vitamin B12 | 6 mcg | |
| Biotin | 40 mcg | |
| Pantothenic Acid | 15 mg | |
| Calcium | 200 mg | |
| Iron | 18 mg | |
| Phosphorus | 20 mg | |
| Iodine | 150 mcg | |
| Magnesium | 100 mg | |
| Zinc | 8 mg | |
| Selenium | 18 mcg | |
| Copper | 0.5 mg | |
| Manganese | 1.8 mg | |
| Chromium | 32 mcg | |
| Molybdenum | 50 mcg | |
| Chloride | 72 mg | |
| Potassium | 80 mg |
Other ingredients: Calcium Carbonate, Magnesium Oxide, Potassium Chloride, Dibasic Calcium Phosphate, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Ascorbic Acid, Ferrous Fumarate, DL-Alpha-Tocopheryl Acetate, Maltodextrin, Crospovidone, Contains less than 2% of.
Directions: Suggested Use: Adults: Take one (1) tablet daily with food.
Barcode (UPC) 300054755827 · Label source: NIH label database · Report a label change
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Graded November 6, 2026 by the Reverse Age Lab evidence engine, from human studies, real reviews and our biohacker panel. How we grade. Is this medical advice? No. Rala organizes the published evidence; go over any change with your doctor, especially if you take meds.
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