Rugby Multi-Vitamins Review
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Study, Trial or Testing Result Summary
Members Only104 human studies · 27 improved
3 of these 104 human studies gave the ingredient by drip, not by mouth.
This is a basic multivitamin, and none of its ingredients has strong proof of helping the thyroid at the amounts in this product. Vitamin D reaches a studied amount at two servings a day. A pooled review of 12 trials in people with Hashimoto's thyroiditis found vitamin D lowered thyroid antibodies and raised thyroid hormones [1], and smaller trials in women with Hashimoto's found lower antibodies [2][3]. Other work disagrees: a network review found vitamin D alone did not lower antibodies over six months [4], and a three year trial in Graves' disease found no benefit [5]. Vitamin A here is well below the studied dose. Trials that helped thyroid markers used 25,000 units daily or very large single doses, mostly in people low in vitamin A [6][7]. Vitamin C is only a trace amount compared with the 500 milligrams studied, and even at that dose a placebo-controlled trial found no change [8]. No human study shows that thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, pantothenic acid or calcium improves thyroid health [9][10][11][12][13]. Animal and cell studies are never counted.
See all 104 studies →Hide the studies
- In a pooled analysis of 35 trials with 3,508 people with underactive thyroid, adding zinc, magnesium and vitamin A to a med raised free thyroxine compared with placebo, though exercise combined with a med did best for thyroid-stimulating hormone and quality of life.Additional treatment strategies for hypothyroidism: a network meta-analysis.
- Across 12 trials with 862 people with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, vitamin D lowered thyroid antibody levels and raised thyroid hormones (FT3, FT4) compared with placebo or no treatment, with larger effects after more than 12 weeks.Effects of vitamin D supplementation on autoantibodies and thyroid function in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: A …
- In a network analysis of 10 studies in people with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, six months of vitamin D alone did not significantly lower thyroid antibodies, while selenium did.Effects of different supplements on Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.
- A review of 11 studies found conflicting results for vitamin A supplements and thyroid cancer risk, so the evidence was inconclusive.Vitamin and mineral supplements and thyroid cancer: a systematic review.
- A review of 57 studies on micronutrients and thyroid hormones found trials did not confirm links between selenium, zinc and iron and iodine status, and concluded more research is needed; vitamin A was not singled out with a clear result.Micronutrients, iodine status and concentrations of thyroid hormones: a systematic review.
- A review of 67 studies on environmental factors and autoimmune thyroid disease linked vitamin D deficiency to the relationship and suggested vitamin D might help, but it did not test supplementation directly.Epidemiological and experimental evidence of environmental factor-related autoimmune thyroid disease: A systematic revie…
- In 25,871 older adults taking 2000 IU of vitamin D daily for a median of 5.3 years, autoimmune diseases (including autoimmune thyroid disease, not reported separately) were 22% less frequent than with placebo.Vitamin D and marine omega 3 fatty acid supplementation and incident autoimmune disease: VITAL randomized controlled tri…
- In 404 South African children aged 5 to 14 with low vitamin A and iodine, a 200,000 IU vitamin A dose given at the start and at 3 months over 6 months lowered thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroglobulin and thyroid size when given without iodine, compared with placebo.Vitamin A supplementation in iodine-deficient African children decreases thyrotropin stimulation of the thyroid and redu…
- In 278 adults with Graves' disease taking 2800 IU of vitamin D daily for up to 3 years, vitamin D did not improve remission; failure was 42% with vitamin D versus 32% with placebo.Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Graves' Disease: The DAGMAR Trial.
- In 164 people with cirrhosis given vitamin D for one year, thyroid-stimulating hormone and free T4 did not change compared with placebo, though vitamin D levels rose.Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Vitamin D Level and Bone Mineral Density in Patients With Cirrhosis: A Randomized…
- In 148 people having thyroid cancer surgery with neck dissection, calcium plus vitamin D cut symptomatic low calcium to 2.0% from 26.0% with no supplements.Prevention of postoperative hypocalcemia with routine oral calcium and vitamin D supplements in patients with differenti…
- In 140 older adults with sarcopenia, adding vitamin D to heat therapy and resistance exercise lowered inflammatory markers and raised thyroid hormone levels more than exercise and heat therapy alone.The effects of vitamin D combined with thermotherapy and resistance exercise on inflammatory factors, thyroid hormones a…
- In 138 Moroccan children with goiter and low vitamin A using iodized salt, 200,000 IU of vitamin A at start and 5 months over 10 months reduced thyroglobulin, thyroid-stimulating hormone and goiter rate compared with placebo.The effects of vitamin A deficiency and vitamin A supplementation on thyroid function in goitrous children.
- In 102 people with autoimmune thyroiditis, 500 mg of vitamin C daily for 3 months lowered thyroid antibody levels within the group, but there was no significant difference compared with placebo, and thyroid stimulating hormone did not change.Effects of selenium and vitamin C on the serum level of antithyroid peroxidase antibody in patients with autoimmune thyr…
- In 86 adults with underactive thyroid, 25,000 IU vitamin A twice weekly with zinc and magnesium for 10 weeks raised free thyroxine and lowered an inflammation marker compared with placebo, with no change in thyroid-stimulating hormone.Randomized Study of the Effects of Zinc, Vitamin A, and Magnesium Co-supplementation on Thyroid Function, Oxidative Stre…
- In 84 women, 25,000 IU of vitamin A daily for 4 months lowered thyroid-stimulating hormone in both obese and non-obese women and raised T3, while total T4 fell.The effect of vitamin A supplementation on thyroid function in premenopausal women.
- In 80 postmenopausal women with or without type 2 diabetes, 6 weeks of hormone therapy with vitamin C and E did not significantly change free thyroxine or triiodothyronine levels.Effects of hormone replacement therapy with vitamin C and E supplementation on plasma thyroid hormone levels in postmeno…
- In 75 adults with type 2 diabetes given 1000 IU of vitamin D daily in a yogurt drink for 12 weeks, thyroid antibodies and thyroid-stimulating hormone fell only when calcium was added, while vitamin D alone raised resting metabolic rate without changing thyroid measures.Daily intake of yogurt drink fortified either with vitamin D alone or in combination with added calcium causes a thyroid…
- In 57 people with Graves' disease on methimazole, an antioxidant mix with beta-carotene, vitamins C and E and selenium over 60 days helped them reach normal thyroid function faster than the drug alone.Supplementation with antioxidants in the treatment of Graves' disease; the effect on glutathione peroxidase activity and…
- In 55 people with Graves' disease taking methimazole, adding an antioxidant mix (vitamins C and E, beta-carotene and selenium) for 60 days helped them reach normal thyroid function faster than methimazole alone.The effect of antioxidant supplementation on superoxide dismutase activity, Cu and Zn levels, and total antioxidant stat…
- In 44 women with mildly underactive thyroid, 50,000 IU of vitamin D weekly for 12 weeks lowered thyroid-stimulating hormone and total cholesterol compared with placebo, while other thyroid hormones did not differ.Effects of vitamin D supplementation on metabolic parameters, serum irisin and obesity values in women with subclinical …
- In 42 women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 50,000 IU of vitamin D weekly for 3 months reduced thyroglobulin antibody and thyroid-stimulating hormone versus baseline, but the drop in thyroid peroxidase antibody was not significant versus placebo and T3 and T4 did not change.Can Supplementation with Vitamin D Modify Thyroid Autoantibodies (Anti-TPO Ab, Anti-Tg Ab) and Thyroid Profile (T3, T4, …
- In 42 newly diagnosed Graves' disease patients, adding selenium and vitamin D to standard antithyroid medicine for about 270 days lowered thyroid hormone levels faster and improved quality of life compared with medicine alone.Add-On Effect of Selenium and Vitamin D Combined Supplementation in Early Control of Graves' Disease Hyperthyroidism Dur…
- In 40 people, a hydration drink that also contained vitamin C caused no meaningful change in safety or thyroid hormone measures compared with placebo over 4 weeks, though one thyroid hormone showed a statistically significant main effect.Randomized Trial to Assess the Safety and Tolerability of Daily Intake of an Allulose Amino Acid-Based Hydration Beverag…
- In women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis taking a med, weekly vitamin D (50,000 IU cholecalciferol) for 3 months raised vitamin D levels, and inflammatory markers fell in both the vitamin D and placebo groups, so the drop was not shown to be due to vitamin D.Read the study on PubMed (36243929) →
- In people with hyperthyroidism and high blood calcium, adding 800 to 1,200 IU daily of vitamin D3 to standard treatment lowered thyroid hormone and thyroid antibody levels more than the antithyroid drug methimazole alone.Prevalence of hyperthyroidism with hypercalcemia in Xindu district and the efficacy of vitamin D3 treatment in these pat…
- In women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, weekly vitamin D (50,000 IU cholecalciferol) for 3 months lowered the Th17/Tr1 immune cell ratio, but most other immune cell levels did not change compared with placebo.Effects of vitamin D supplements on frequency of CD4+ T-cell subsets in women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a double-bli…
- In 33 people with acanthosis nigricans, a combination tablet containing calcium pantothenate taken twice daily for 12 weeks lowered thyroid-stimulating hormone as did a med, but there was no placebo group and the effect cannot be attributed to pantothenic acid alone.Read the study on PubMed (30983607) →
- In 25 infants with congenital hypothyroidism, mild high blood calcium during thyroxine treatment was linked to vitamin D supplementation.Hypercalcemia in infants with congenital hypothyroidism and its relation to vitamin D and thyroid hormones.
- In 12 underactive thyroid patients needing high-dose a med, 1 g vitamin C daily for 16 weeks improved symptom scores and lowered thyroid stimulating hormone more than placebo after adjustment, but the very small size and baseline imbalances limit conclusions.Read the study on PubMed (41210509) →
- In a placebo-controlled trial of schoolchildren in India, a daily micronutrient-fortified drink for 14 months significantly changed thyroid-stimulating hormone compared with placebo, alongside improvements in vitamin D and other nutrients; this was a multi-nutrient product, so the vitamin D effect cannot be isolated.Effect of micronutrient supplement on health and nutritional status of schoolchildren: biochemical status.
- In hypothyroid newborns, giving vitamin D during the first 3 months of thyroxine treatment raised the rate of high blood calcium to 70%, compared with 21% in those not given vitamin D.[Prophylaxis of vitamin D deficiency in hypothyroidism in the newborn infant].
- In people with newly diagnosed Graves' disease taking anti-meds, nine months of 2,800 IU daily vitamin D reduced muscle strength gains and quality-of-life improvement compared with placebo.Effects of Supplemental Vitamin D on Muscle Performance and Quality of Life in Graves' Disease: A Randomized Clinical Tr…
- In 53 patients with mild underactive thyroid and 45 healthy people, vitamin C infused into the forearm artery normalized blood vessel dilation in patients but not in healthy people, suggesting oxidative stress from inflammation impairs vessel function; this was a short-term vessel test, not a supplement trial.Low-grade systemic inflammation causes endothelial dysfunction in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
- In 47 women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and low vitamin D, 4000 IU daily for 6 months lowered thyroid antibody levels, with a larger drop in women also taking selenomethionine, and thyroid hormone levels did not change.Selenomethionine potentiates the impact of vitamin D on thyroid autoimmunity in euthyroid women with Hashimoto's thyroid…
- In 12 women with an underactive thyroid, a single 100,000 IU dose of vitamin D3 raised blood vitamin D less than in healthy women, and thyroid hormone replacement raised vitamin D levels; the study did not measure thyroid health improvement.Effect of vitamin D3 loading and thyroid hormone replacement therapy on the decreased serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level in…
- In 34 women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis on a med and normal vitamin D, 2000 IU daily of vitamin D for 6 months reduced thyroid antibody levels compared with women not taking vitamin D.Read the study on PubMed (28073128) →
- Niacin at 2 mg was used only as a comparison dose against intravenous TRH in schizophrenic patients, so this study does not measure niacin's own effect on thyroid health.Behavioral and endocrine responses of schizophrenic patients to TRH (protirelin).
- In a small study of 11 iron-depleted women, ascorbic acid supplementation had no significant effect on their responses to cold exposure, which included changes in thyroid hormone levels.Thermogenesis and thermoregulatory function of iron-deficient women without anemia.
- In healthy people given calcium by intravenous infusion, the thyroid-stimulating hormone response to a releasing hormone was reduced by 37%, and pretreatment with metoclopramide reversed this effect.Influence of metoclopramide on calcium inhibition of thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone.
- In healthy young and elderly people, 10 days of vitamin A (retinol, 50,000 IU a day) did not significantly change thyroid-stimulating hormone levels compared with placebo.Effects of vitamin A administration on serum thyrotropin concentrations in healthy human subjects.
- In 186 vitamin D deficient people with Hashimoto's thyroiditis on Crete, taking 1200 to 4000 IU of vitamin D3 daily for four months lowered anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies by 20.3% in an uncontrolled study; the drops in thyroglobulin antibodies and TSH were not significant.Is vitamin D related to pathogenesis and treatment of Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
- In 34 older adults over 6 months, a fruit, vegetable and berry powder that raised blood vitamin C was well tolerated and caused no thyroid-related safety problems, though a marker of protein damage fell before adjustment for baseline differences.Effects of a Commercial Fruit, Vegetable and Berry Juice Powder Concentrate on Metabolic Safety and Cardiovascular Healt…
- In 32 people taking antiepileptic drugs who had high homocysteine and low B vitamins, 30 days of riboflavin, pyridoxine and folic acid lowered homocysteine but did not change thyroid hormone levels.Thyroid function during B-vitamin supplementation of patients on antiepileptic drugs.
- In 31 patients with underactive thyroid and gastritis, 500 mg vitamin C taken with a med for 2 months lowered thyroid stimulating hormone in all patients, normalized it in 55%, and raised thyroid hormone levels.Read the study on PubMed (24601693) →
- In 9 people with an underactive thyroid, about 4 months of thyroxine replacement cleared fats from the blood faster after a meal containing vitamin A and lowered LDL cholesterol, though this study did not test vitamin A as a supplement.Thyroxine replacement therapy enhances clearance of chylomicron remnants in patients with hypothyroidism.
- In six adults with an underactive thyroid, riboflavin-related enzyme activity was low, and thyroxine therapy on a controlled diet brought it back to normal.Riboflavin metabolism in the hypothyroid human adult.
- In five people with high cholesterol taking about 2.6 grams of nicotinic acid daily for an average of 1.3 years, blood thyroid hormone levels dropped (total T4 by 21%, T3 by 13%) while they stayed in a normal thyroid state with no symptoms of an underactive thyroid.Nicotinic acid decreases serum thyroid hormone levels while maintaining a euthyroid state.
- In 2 volunteers, 10 g of calcium alginate taken with potassium iodide did not interfere with potassium iodide almost completely blocking radioactive iodine uptake by the thyroid.131I uptake in human thyroid after antidote treatment for mixed fission products contamination.
- In a non-randomized study of thyroid and parathyroid surgery patients with low vitamin D, weekly 50,000 IU vitamin D2 for 8 to 12 weeks raised vitamin D levels in most patients, but thyroid health itself was not measured.Vitamin D deficiency: a simple algorithm employing weekly administration of 50,000 IU of vitamin D.
- In a University of Southern California study, people who took colestipol combined with niacin for one year had lower total thyroxine and lower thyroxine-binding globulin levels, but they stayed essentially normal in thyroid function.Alterations in serum thyroid hormonal indices with colestipol-niacin therapy.
- In a large cohort of over 566,000 adults followed for years, dietary beta-carotene intake was not clearly associated with thyroid cancer risk.The association between selenium and other micronutrients and thyroid cancer incidence in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health S…
- In 8,828 pregnant women, adequate vitamin D in early pregnancy was linked to higher free thyroxine and free triiodothyronine, and sufficient first-trimester with deficient second-trimester vitamin D was linked to lower thyroid-stimulating hormone.Associations between Dynamic Vitamin D Level and Thyroid Function during Pregnancy.
- In a large US survey of about 6,950 adults, higher vitamin B6 intake from diet was linked to lower total thyroxine levels, with the link strongest in men, people aged 60 to 80, and those who were overweight.Relationship between vitamin B6 intake and thyroid function in US adults: NHANES 2007-2012 results.
- In 6,222 US adults, a high antioxidant lifestyle score was linked to lower free thyroxine, and riboflavin was among factors suggested to have a causal link to free thyroxine levels.Association between the oxidative balance score and thyroid function: Results from the NHANES 2007-2012 and Mendelian ra…
- In a survey of 5,878 US adults, higher vitamin C intake was linked to lower total thyroxine levels, with curved patterns for other thyroid hormone measures, so the effect on thyroid function is unclear.Association between vitamin C intake and thyroid function among U.S. adults: a population-based study.
- In 5,230 health-check adults, people with Hashimoto's thyroiditis had lower vitamin D levels than those without it, and lower vitamin D went with higher TSH and lower thyroid hormone levels; this association does not show cause.Correlation Between Hashimoto's Thyroiditis-Related Thyroid Hormone Levels and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D.
- In a review of 3169 older adults admitted with altered mental status, thiamine testing was rarely abnormal and thyroid testing had low diagnostic value, so routine thiamine and thyroid labs gave little useful information.Diagnostic yield of laboratory testing in hospitalized older adults with altered mental status.
- In a large US national survey of 2,732 adults, dietary vitamin C intake was not significantly associated with risk of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, though higher omega-3 fat intake was linked to lower risk.Investigating the associations between dietary nutrient intake and risk of Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a cross-sectional st…
- Vitamin D deficiency was more common in people with Hashimoto's and non-autoimmune hypothyroidism than in healthy controls in a study of 1,138 people in Iran.Vitamin D deficiency in non-autoimmune hypothyroidism: a case-control study.
- In a case-control study of 399 thyroid cancer cases and 617 controls in northern Italy, dietary thiamine intake showed no clear link to thyroid cancer risk.Selected micronutrient intake and thyroid carcinoma risk.
- In 933 German patients with autoimmune thyroiditis, those whose vitamin D rose to 75 nmol/l or above over about two years saw their thyroid antibody levels fall by 25%, compared with a 9% fall in patients whose vitamin D stayed low; this was not a randomized trial.Vitamin D Status and Thyroid Autoantibodies in Autoimmune Thyroiditis.
- Among 461 people with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and 176 healthy controls, vitamin D levels did not differ overall between the groups, though slightly lower levels were seen in people with overt hypothyroidism.Vitamin D and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: Observations from CROHT Biobank.
- In a cross-sectional study of 401 men, 301 infertile and 100 controls, infertile men had lower vitamin D levels, and men with azoospermia also had higher thyroid stimulating hormone than the other groups, suggesting abnormal thyroid function; no supplement was given.25-Hydroxy cholecalciferol, anti-Müllerian hormone, and thyroid profiles among infertile men.
- In 387 healthy adults, low vitamin B2 (riboflavin) levels were linked to significant differences in thyroid markers, though this was a correlation study and no supplement was tested.Effect of Micronutrients on Thyroid Parameters.
- In 352 patients after sleeve gastrectomy, a low whole blood thiamine level was one of several factors linked to difficulty swallowing, alongside hypothyroidism; this was an association and no thiamine treatment was tested.Dysphagia after vertical sleeve gastrectomy: Evaluation of risk factors and assessment of endoscopic intervention.
- In 300 euthyroid people, low vitamin D was associated with a higher chance of thyroid autoimmunity, though this was a cross-sectional association and not a supplementation test.Latent autoimmune thyroid disease.
- In 290 Filipino schoolchildren, higher dietary thiamine intake along with iodized salt and normal iodine status was linked to better thinking and psychomotor scores, but thiamine was not studied for thyroid health.Effect of iodine status and other nutritional factors on psychomotor and cognitive performance of Filipino schoolchildre…
- In 256 surgical patients, vitamin D levels and deficiency rates were similar whether or not they had lymphocytic (Hashimoto's) thyroiditis, so no link was found.Is Vitamin D Deficiency Associated with Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis?
- In 252 pregnant women with an underactive thyroid, having enough vitamin D during pregnancy was linked to better thyroid function up to a year after giving birth.Vitamin D categories and postpartum thyroid function in women with hypothyroidism.
- In a questionnaire survey of 232 Polish people with hypothyroidism, vitamin C was among the supplements commonly taken, but the survey did not measure whether it improved thyroid health.Dietary supplements in hypothyroidism.
- In 190 people, those with autoimmune thyroid disease had more vitamin D deficiency than healthy controls, and low levels were linked to thyroid antibodies and abnormal thyroid tests; this was a cross-sectional study and cannot show cause.Vitamin D and autoimmune thyroid diseases.
- In 182 people with an overactive thyroid over six months of antithyroid treatment, flavin levels fell and homocysteine rose, with the effect strongest in those with low riboflavin.Phenotypic expression of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677C-->T polymorphism and flavin cofactor availability …
- Women with chronic hair shedding had vitamin D and thyroid test levels similar to healthy controls.A comprehensive investigation of biochemical status in patients with telogen effluvium: Analysis of Hb, ferritin, vitami…
- In 78 people with subclinical hypothyroidism and 75 healthy controls in Iraq, vitamin D levels were not linked to thyroid peroxidase antibody levels or thyroid peroxidase gene variants. No supplement was given.Thyroid Peroxidase and its Gene Variants as Diagnostic Markers in Subclinical Hypothyroidism: Evidence from a Duhok Case…
- A calcium tolerance test, used to measure calcitonin activity, was done in 34 healthy people and 103 people with thyroid disorders; the calcium-lowering response was significantly impaired in people with an overactive thyroid and in those whose thyroid was fully removed.Calcitonin activity assessed by calcium tolerance test in patients with thyroid disorders.
- In 126 people with thyroid cancer taking a med, bone loss over one year was greater in the early post-surgery period and in postmenopausal women, and was smaller in postmenopausal women who took calcium/vitamin D supplements.The effects of thyrotropin-suppressing therapy on bone metabolism in patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma…
- Women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis had vitamin D levels similar to healthy women, though vitamin D correlated with some metabolic measures.Assessment of Vitamin Concentrations in Patients with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis and Their Relationships with Thyroid Funct…
- A dietary survey of 103 schoolchildren in Adygea found insufficient intake of iodine, zinc, vitamin A and beta-carotene, and the authors concluded that low vitamin A and zinc intake may contribute to iodine deficiency and thyroid problems, but no supplement was tested.[Assessment of the structure and quality of nutrition as a factor that influences thyroid functional activity].
- In a cross-sectional study of 92 women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, higher dietary vitamin C intake was weakly linked to lower thyroid antibody levels (r = -0.22, p = 0.05), but this was one of several correlations and does not show cause and effect.Parallel investigation of oxidative stress and nutritional profile in women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
- Children with protein-energy malnutrition had low triiodothyronine and low conversion of riboflavin into its active forms, leading to a flavin adenine dinucleotide deficiency compared with controls.Concentrations of riboflavin and related organic acids in children with protein-energy malnutrition.
- In 50 women with polycystic ovary syndrome and 14 controls, thiamine levels were lower in the women with the syndrome, and no link between thiamine and thyroid hormone was reported; no supplement was given.The implications of vitamin content in the plasma in reference to the parameters of carbohydrate metabolism and hormone …
- In 31 children with congenital hypothyroidism on long-term thyroid hormone treatment, vitamin D levels were higher than in 29 healthy children, and bone breakdown was not increased.Congenital Hypothyroidism and Bone Remodeling Cycle.
- Vitamin D deficiency was common in both people with and without autoimmune thyroid disease, with no statistically significant difference between groups.Vitamin D deficiency in thyroid autoimmune diseases.
- In 60 adults with goiter, worsening thyroid enlargement tracked with declining protein nutrition and rising homocysteine, a pattern not explained by vitamin B deficiency alone.Subclinical protein malnutrition is a determinant of hyperhomocysteinemia.
- In a study of 52 psychiatric inpatients, the women who were low in vitamin B2 (riboflavin) had significantly lower thyroxine levels than the other patients, even after accounting for age and sex.Low thyroxine levels in female psychiatric inpatients with riboflavin deficiency: implications for folate-dependent meth…
- In 17 adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa, low thyroid hormone (T3) was linked to abnormal riboflavin metabolism, and after 30 days of refeeding not all girls showed improvement in these riboflavin markers compared with 17 healthy girls.Riboflavin and riboflavin-derived cofactors in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa.
- In 33 people who had their thyroid removed, the average level of the riboflavin-derived cofactor was about half that of a healthy control group, suggesting lower riboflavin status in hypothyroidism.Protein-chemical standardization of the erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation test (EGRAC test). Application to h…
- In a case series of 22 surgical patients with low vitamin C or thiamin and raised TSH, two patients died from scurvy, and no vitamin C treatment effect on thyroid function was studied.Hypothyroidism Complicated by Vitamin C and Thiamin Deficiency in Surgical Patients.
- In 20 adults with acquired hypothyroidism, vitamin D metabolites and calcium-phosphorus measures were normal, and bone changes were linked to slowed bone activity; no vitamin D was given.[Bone effects of hypothyroidism in adults. Apropos of 20 cases].
- In 9 adults with congenital underactive thyroid, calcitonin levels were low before and after a calcium stimulation test, and bone mineral content in the radius was about 10% lower than in age-matched controls.Calcitonin and bone mass status in congenital hypothyroidism.
- In patients with both diabetes and thyroid disorders, marked vitamin D3 deficiency was reported alongside disturbed blood sugar and mineral metabolism; the study does not give a clear sample size.[Mineral metabolism and metabolic markers in patients with concomitant endocrine disorders and vitamin D3 deficiency].
- Women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis had vitamin D levels similar to or higher than healthy controls, and no women with the condition were vitamin D deficient, so Hashimoto's was not linked to more deficiency.HASHIMOTO THYROIDITIS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY.
- In people with type 2 diabetes, correcting vitamin D deficiency did not change thyrotropin (TSH) levels, which were only slightly higher in those with deficiency.Vitamin D and thyrotropin in type 2 diabetic patients.
- In 49 people with an underactive thyroid, 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D3 did not change TSH in those not on meds, but significantly raised basal TSH in those taking a med.[TSH secretion stimulated by thyroliberin in patients with hypothyroidism receiving 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D3].
- A single 300 mg intravenous dose of pyridoxine in 8 healthy people did not significantly change thyroid-stimulating hormone levels.Effect of pyridoxine on human hypophyseal trophic hormone release: a possible stimulation of hypothalamic dopaminergic p…
- In 7 healthy women, long-term pyridoxine did not change basal thyroid-stimulating hormone levels, though prolactin levels dipped slightly without statistical significance.Effect of pyridoxine on plasma levels of HGH, PRL, and TSH in normal women.
- In six newborns with severe congenital underactive thyroid, riboflavin-related enzyme levels were normal, and thyroxine treatment did not change them.Riboflavin metabolism in the hypothyroid newborn.
- In 6 people with amenorrhea-galactorrhea, 600 mg daily of oral pyridoxine for 3 to 4 months did not change thyroid-stimulating hormone levels or its response to releasing hormone.The effects of pyridoxine on pituitary hormone secretion in amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndromes.
- A single 300 mg intravenous dose of pyridoxine lowered thyroid-stimulating hormone in 6 people with hypothyroidism, but their thyroid hormone levels did not change.Suppression of thyrotropin (TSH) and prolactin (PRL) release by pyridoxine in chronic primary hypothyroidism.
- Five infants aged 8 to 11 months developed yellow skin from eating large amounts of carotene-rich foods, and their thyroid function tests were normal; stopping those foods cleared the yellow color, and the authors described the condition as benign.Benign carotenemia in children.
- This study compared ways of adding lab tests, including vitamin D and thyroid hormone tests, to diagnose deficiency and thyroid disorders. It did not test any vitamin D supplement's effect on thyroid health.Reflex and reflective testing: efficiency and effectiveness of adding on laboratory tests.
- In a study of mice (not people) with a bacterial lung infection, a low-riboflavin diet lowered blood thyroxine levels, and infection lowered blood triiodothyronine levels, suggesting thyroid hormones may influence how the body processes riboflavin.Flavin metabolism during respiratory infection in mice.
- In rats, a calcium dose similar to a normal meal raised blood calcium only in animals whose thyroid glands had been removed, while rats with intact thyroids showed little or no rise, suggesting a thyroid hormone called thyrocalcitonin protects against high blood calcium; this is an animal study and does not test thyroid health in people.Thyrocalcitonin: evidence for physiological function.
Review Totals and Summary
Members Only759 reviews · 92% positive
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Biohacker Summary
Members Only0 of 10 recommend it
Every ingredient here is a smaller ingredient in this product, and vitamin D drew the most comment, from all ten panelists. Most of the panel recommends or uses it: three take vitamin D3 in the morning, with three of them giving 5000 IU, and the reasons given include general health, longevity, immune function, brain health, muscle and bone support, and making up for low sun in fall and winter. One panelist advises taking it with dietary fat for better absorption, and another cautions that for most people there is little point supplementing unless they are deficient. Vitamin C was discussed by five of them, mostly as a recommendation, and they pair it with collagen for joints and connective tissue, and also mention skin health and immune support, with one giving a dose of 500 mg to 1 g; one panelist only recounted being told it was dangerous. Vitamin A and calcium got only brief, neutral mentions, and no one said they stopped taking any of these.
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Dr. Eric Berg · Vitamin D · neutral
- Lists Vitamin D as an ingredient found in sardines.
- States that one can of sardines contains 382 mg of calcium.
- Mentions that the body relies on healthy fats to absorb essential vitamins like A, D, E, and K, which help support skin health, moisture, and normal cell function.
- Recommends Vitamin D3 because it's nearly impossible to get enough from food and most people don't get enough sun, advising to aim for blood levels of at least 50 to 80 ng/mL.
- Dr. Berg states that when nutrients like vitamin D are too low, fatigue and weakness can follow.
- Warns against calcium supplements, citing studies that link them to a higher risk of heart attack, especially in postmenopausal women, and suggests getting calcium from dairy instead.
- Warns against generic multivitamins, stating they are often full of fillers and synthetics.
- Warns against generic multivitamins, stating they are often full of fillers and synthetics.
- Recommends focusing on vitamin D3 to support stronger bones if a neck hump is associated with osteoporosis.
- Recommends a minimum of 10,000 IU of vitamin D per day to support natural killer cells.
- Recommends focusing on calcium to support stronger bones if a neck hump is associated with osteoporosis.
- Mentions that bleeding or swollen gums point to vitamin C deficiency, and sugar competes with it directly, reducing absorption.
- Notes that irritability, overthinking, and nightmares can point to low vitamin B1, which is depleted by refined grains and sugar.
- Explains that vitamin B1 is needed to support the autonomic nervous system and metabolize glucose.
Dr. Rhonda Patrick · Vitamin D · neutral
- Notes that vitamin D from sunlight, food, or supplements needs to undergo conversions in the liver and kidneys to become its active hormone form, calcitriol.
- States that Vitamin D supplementation has been associated with a 40% lower dementia risk, and low levels are linked to a 50 to 80% higher risk.
- Recommends getting adequate vitamin D, noting that people taking vitamin D supplements have a 40% lower risk of dementia, while those with lower vitamin D have a 50-80% higher risk.
- Vitamin D supplementation was linked to a 40% lower risk of dementia in an observational study of more than 12,000 older adults.
- Mentions that vitamin D also plays a role in maintaining muscle mass.
- Recommends ensuring adequate vitamin D intake for men's sperm health.
- Vitamin D and strength training alone did not, but adding them strengthened the effect on one clock, with the full combination slowing that measure by ~3.8 months.
- Lutein and zeaxanthin can also be obtained from certain multivitamins.
- Lutein and zeaxanthin can also be obtained from certain multivitamins.
- Lutein and zeaxanthin can also be obtained from certain multivitamins.
- Recommends Vitamin D, noting it regulates over 5% of the genome, including genes involved in immune defense, neurotransmitter synthesis, and longevity, and correcting deficiency may slow epigenetic aging.
- Uses Vitamin D3 as an example of a supplement that an AI model could track to see its impact on other metrics like glucose levels.
- Mentions that kale delivers calcium, a micronutrient many diets fall short on.
- Recommends nutrients like vitamin C for men to prioritize sperm mitochondrial health.
Thomas DeLauer · Vitamin C · recommends
- Recommends whole food vitamin C, found in kiwi fruit, citrus, and bell peppers, to help clear uric acid by competing at kidney transporters, preventing reabsorption.
- Recommends taking Vitamin D3 in the morning, between 6:00 and 10:00 a.m., to align with the body's natural metabolic activation phase and sunlight-triggered vitamin D production.
- Recommends taking vitamin C along with collagen about an hour before a workout for connective tissue benefits.
- Uses vitamin C as part of their immunity duo, stating it is important for boosting the immune system, especially during cold and flu season.
- Uses vitamin D3 in the fall and winter months when getting less sun, as it's important to supplement it then.
- Recommends taking a massive amount of vitamin D simultaneously with an early morning massive breakfast to help reset circadian rhythms and address hyperphagia.
- Recommends Vitamin D, stating that it has receptors throughout the brain and deficiency can quickly impact brain and mood.
- Takes supplemental vitamin D because he is skin sensitive and from northern latitudes, limiting his UV exposure.
- Recommends taking vitamin D on non-liver days to ensure both nutrients get proper receptor access.
- Recommends consuming vitamin C to aid in NADPH recycling, which is necessary for glutathione to be reused after neutralizing oxidative stress.
- Takes Purity's liquid liposomal vitamin C for immune support and overall wellness, finding it easy to add to water, juice, or take straight up due to its good taste.
- Takes Purity's liquid vitamin D3 with K2 because she is constantly inside during the day; D3 is for overall wellness and K2 helps the body absorb calcium properly.
- Compares the Vitamin C content of oranges (53mg) to guava (228mg), noting guava has 4x more.
- Notes that milk contains 120mg of calcium, while sardines contain 351mg, highlighting a 3x difference.
Dr. Mark Hyman · Vitamin D · uses
- Consumes Zetopia's Atlantic salmon to get Vitamin D, particularly in the winter months, as it is one of the few foods that provides both Omega-3s and Vitamin D.
- Mentions that the body makes vitamin D from sunlight exposure, and a deficiency can hinder calcium absorption, which is crucial for strong bones.
- Recommends Vitamin D for health, stating that amazing things happen when patients' vitamin D statuses reach optimal levels.
- Mentions vitamin D as an existing biomarker that plays a role in mental health, which Function Health includes in their measurements.
- Notes that vitamin D plays a role in immune function.
- Mentions that vitamin A levels can be looked at to get a deep sense of what's happening with nutrient levels.
- Recommends vitamin C as a basic supplement during detoxification to help with inflammation and detoxification.
- Recommends checking vitamin D levels and states that if they had to pick one single intervention for immune health, vitamin D would be it.
- Dr. Hyman discusses vitamin D in relation to sun exposure patterns.
- States that vitamin D supplementation can help with oxidative stress.
- Dr. Hyman mentions vitamin C as an advanced therapy for skin repair.
- Mentions topical vitamin C as an antioxidant that can help skin with aging.
- Mentions that what they do when a cold comes on is not just vitamin C.
- Mentions vitamin D as a key nutrient for supporting immune function.
Dave Asprey · Vitamin C · neutral
- Recounts a doctor telling him in his 20s that vitamin C would kill him.
- Takes Vitamin DAKE from Suppgrade Labs.
- Suggests that vitamin D supports brain health, muscle function, and focus.
- Recommends taking vitamin C for better skin health.
- Host Dave Asprey explains why correcting a vitamin D deficiency still makes sense for male fertility, even though supplementation did not improve overall semen parameters in a randomized trial.
- States that currently, he is only taking vitamin C and vitamin D.
- States that currently, he is only taking vitamin C and vitamin D.
- Recommends vitamin D, noting it's actually a hormone and that most people are deficient, even those who take it, because they don't take enough.
- States that most people on the spectrum are low in vitamin D and need more of it, mentioning his own product, Vitam DAKNE, which contains real vitamin A.
- Recommends real vitamin A for people on the spectrum, noting that many cannot convert plant vitamin A and need the good stuff he includes in his Vitam DAKNE product.
- Dave Asprey recommends Vitamin D3 with K2, explaining D3 is a hormone made from sunlight and K2 directs calcium into bones, not arteries, highlighting its low cost, widespread deficiency, and the ability to test its effectiveness.
- Recommends Vitamin D as one of the most important supplements for overall health.
- Dave Asprey reflects on how new research clarifies the mechanism behind IV vitamin C's anti-cancer effect, vindicating a decades-old idea that was dismissed for the wrong reasons.
- Takes Vitamin DAKE from Suppgrade Labs because D3, A, K2, and E work together.
Siim Land · Vitamin D · recommends
- Advises against taking vitamin D in the morning with other supplements because it is fat soluble and requires dietary fat for better absorption.
- Recommends taking Vitamin D with fat for better absorption.
- Recommends taking vitamin C with collagen to support joint collagen synthesis.
- States that Vitamin D connects biology to light and that UVB reaching the skin enables its production.
- States that vitamin C is needed for initiating collagen synthesis and that higher vitamin C intake appears to increase vitamin C content in the skin.
- Lists sauerkraut and fruit as sources of Vitamin C.
- Lists dairy and sardines as sources of Calcium.
- Lists liver and carrots as sources of Vitamin A.
- Thinks vitamin D has some of the strongest evidence and is worth considering.
- Notes that Vitamin K2 pairs well with vitamin D by regulating calcium and bone mineralization.
- Notes that Vitamin C is one of several supplements with human evidence.
- Recommends taking vitamin D supplements with some fat to maximize its absorption, suggesting with food or a teaspoon of olive oil.
- Notes that taking vitamin D3 with a fat-containing meal resulted in 32% higher peak blood vitamin D levels.
- Recommends taking Vitamin D in the morning or at lunch with fat.
Ben Greenfield · Vitamin C · recommends
- States that vitamin C is extremely important for collagen turnover and cites orthopedic data showing that 500 mg to 1 g of vitamin C can reduce the rate of complex regional pain in total knee replacements and wrist fractures.
- Notes that Vitamin D is actually a hormone and recommends patients aim for levels around 40 to 50, or even 60 for fracture healing, for optimal healing, as opposed to just above 20 which is considered normal.
- Notes that Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that supports healthy skin cell turnover.
- Mentions vitamin C as part of a bare-minimum protocol.
- Mentions vitamin D as part of a bare-minimum protocol.
- Advises getting vitamin D levels between 60 and 100 nanograms per milliliter as a minimum step for overall health and to slow down heart disease.
- Notes that while vitamin C has significant value, the optimal dose is a vexed question, and high doses might not always be beneficial, potentially blunting the hormetic effects of exercise.
- States that Nrf2 activators, when combined with something like niacin, may have a good effect on plaque progression.
- Notes that IV vitamin C has been used for decades for cancer patients with almost no standardization and that he receives many questions about its effectiveness and combination with chemo.
- Has been taking Vitamin D3 K2 for over a decade.
- Notes that sunlight influences more than just vitamin D production.
- Recommends keeping vitamin D levels high, suggesting that a supplement is probably not a bad idea, especially given that many people are deficient due to spending most of their time indoors.
- Recommends getting enough vitamin D for blood pressure management.
- Recommends Vitamin C for skin repair post-tattoo.
Bryan Johnson · Vitamin D · uses
- Takes 5000 IU of Vitamin D3 in the morning for general health.
- Takes 5000 IU of Vitamin D3 in the morning for general health.
- Mentions that the sunlight assessment claims low vitamin D levels cause the immune system to misfire, and notes that their vitamin D has been measured.
- Takes 5000 IU of Vitamin D3 in the morning for longevity.
- He takes 5000 IU of Vitamin D3 in the morning for general health.
- Takes 5000 IU of Vitamin D3 in the morning for general health.
- Takes 5,000 IU of Vitamin D3 in the morning for longevity.
- Takes 5,000 IU of Vitamin D3 in the morning.
- Takes 5,000 IU of Vitamin D3 in the morning.
- He takes 5000 IU of Vitamin D3 in the morning for general health.
- Recommends calcium as a mineral that, along with phosphorus, magnesium, and boron, is deposited to fortify the bone structure after the collagen scaffold is in place.
- Agrees that a little extra calcium is probably okay, especially for women, to really hit home for bone mineral density.
- Uses Vitamin C as an example of how it would be great if people knew that when they took it, it had a measurable amount and wasn't polluted, which is what Brian ensures with his products.
- Applies vitamin C after showering.
Andrew Huberman · Vitamin D · neutral
- Notes that most people are probably deficient in vitamin D and benefit from supplementing, but there's no point in doing it unless you're deficient for most things.
- Takes 5,000 IU of Vitamin D3 in the morning for longevity.
- Takes 5000 IU of Vitamin D3 in the morning for general health.
- States that Vitamin D is one of the critical nutrients with the best evidence for cognitive function and reducing the risk of dementia.
- Takes 5000 IU of Vitamin D3 in the morning.
- He takes 5,000 IU of Vitamin D3 in the morning for overall health.
- Takes 5000 IU of Vitamin D3 in the morning.
- Takes 5,000 IU of Vitamin D3 in the morning for general health.
- Takes 5000 IU of Vitamin D3 every day for longevity.
- Takes a multivitamin every day for longevity.
- Takes a multivitamin every day for longevity.
- Takes 5,000 IU of Vitamin D3 in the morning.
- Recommends AG1, a vitamin, mineral, and probiotic drink, and notes that for a limited time, a subscription comes with additional supplements.
- Takes an extra gram of vitamin C a day for its effects on immunity and potential synergy with collagen.
Peter Attia · Vitamin D · uses
- Lists vitamin D as one of her staple supplements.
- Notes that several studies show patients taking vitamin D can reduce TPO levels and prolong the honeymoon period of Hashimoto's disease.
- States that in mouse studies, there was a combined effect of alpha ketoglutarate with vitamin D for both sexes.
- Notes that in mouse studies, there was a combined effect of alpha ketoglutarate with vitamin A for male mice.
- Uses vitamin D as an example of how people might dismiss its efficacy due to failed clinical trials that didn't adjust the dose or measure levels.
- In mouse studies, Peter Attia's team found a combined effect of AKG with Vitamin D for both sexes.
- In mouse studies, Peter Attia's team found a combined effect of AKG with Vitamin A for male mice.
- Suggests that supplementing with lots of vitamin D might help overcome the negative effects of phenytoin on bone health by improving calcium absorption, though he is unaware of studies on this.
- Recommends Vitamin D3 as one of the 'big three' micronutrients for bone health, suggesting a daily intake of 800 to 1,000 IU, which can be obtained through sunlight or supplementation.
- Recommends calcium as one of the 'big three' micronutrients for bone health, suggesting a daily intake of 1,000 to 1,200 milligrams, which can be supplemented with calcium carbonate or calcium citrate.
- Suggests that supplementing with lots of vitamin D might overcome the negative effects of phenytoin on bone health by counteracting increased catabolism of vitamin D and subsequent decreased calcium absorption.
- Explains that bone is 50 to 70% mineral, predominantly calcium, and that virtually all of the body's calcium is contained within bone, making bone important for calcium homeostasis.
- Recommends vitamin C as an important molecule for skin, noting its role as a precursor for collagen synthesis, a powerful antioxidant, and a regulator of complexion for even skin tone.
- Tried a vitamin C serum mixed with ferulic acid but stopped using it because she hated the smell. She notes that topical application of vitamin C far exceeds the levels achievable by ingestion for skin benefits.
RAL Summary
Members OnlyTier 3 for Thyroid Health
Placed in tier 3 because 92% of its 759 reviews are positive. Study support is thin: only vitamin D reaches a studied dose, and its thyroid results are mixed [1][4].
- Vitamin A: below the dose that worked in studies
- Vitamin C: trace amount
Where the evidence disagrees: 62 of the 104 human studies found no effect.
More Details
Members OnlyBody systems · Combine with · Possible side effects
Body systems: Endocrine system, Immune system, Skeletal system
Combine with: Combine with a healthy diet and lifestyle.
Possible side effects: No major side effects reported at these doses. In one study, vitamin D given to newborns with an underactive thyroid raised the risk of high blood calcium.
Supplement Facts
Vitamin A 1500 mcg · Vitamin C 37.5 mg · Vitamin D 10 mcg
| Vitamin A | 1,500 mcg | |
| Vitamin C | 37.5 mg | |
| Vitamin D | 10 mcg | |
| Thiamine | 1.5 mg | |
| Riboflavin | 2 mg | |
| Niacin | 20 mg | |
| Vitamin B6 | 0.1 mg | |
| Pantothenic Acid | 1 mg | |
| Calcium | 28.5 mg |
Other ingredients: Microcrystalline Cellulose, Stearic Acid, Hypromellose, Starch, Gelatin, Talc, Croscarmellose Sodium, Sucrose, Silica, Magnesium Stearate, FD&C Red #40 Lake, Polyvinylpyrrolidone, Polyethylene Glycol, Mineral Oil, Titanium Dioxide, Sodium Ascorbate, Triglycerides, FD&C Yellow #6 Lake, Tocopherols, BHT.
Directions: Directions: Adults only: One to three tablets daily.
Barcode (UPC) 005364046107 · Label source: NIH label database · Report a label change
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Our articles on this subject
- Supplement and Medication Interactions You Should KnowArticle · Oct 20, 2026
Graded November 14, 2026 by the Reverse Age Lab evidence engine, from human studies, real reviews and our biohacker panel. How we grade. Is this medical advice? No. Rala organizes the published evidence; go over any change with your doctor, especially if you take meds.
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